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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Heart position

A

Mediastinum - behind the sternum and angled slightly left

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2
Q

Heart - pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium - parietal (outer layer and visceral (inner) layer

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3
Q

Function of the pericardium

A

Protect the heart
Anchor the heart into position
Prevent over filling
Friction free environment

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4
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer - visceral pericardium
Supports blood vessels and nerves

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer
Made of cardiac muscle

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6
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer
Made of squamous epithelium - smooth, friction free environment for blood flow

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7
Q

Structure of the heart

A

Four chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Two sets of valves - atrioventricular (tricuspid and bicuspid) and semilunar
Septum
Right to lungs
Left to bods

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8
Q

Valves of the heart

A

Prevent backflow of blood
Chordae tendineae attaches to the papillary muscle and anchor the valves into position - stop inverting
Open and close due to pressure changes

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9
Q

Blood vessels - Tunica externa layer

A

Outer layer
Loose, thick layer of connective tissue
Elastic and collagen fibres
Anchor the vessels to surrounding structures
Protection

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10
Q

Blood vessels - tunica media layer

A

Middle layer
Muscular and connective tissue
Smooth muscle cels
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Elastic fibres - recoil after stretch

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11
Q

Blood vessels - tunica intima layer

A

Innermost layer
Epithelial lining forming perimeter of lumen
Internal elastic lamina - elastic fibres, recoil after stretch
Lamina propria - outer layer of elastic connective tissue
Basement membrane - collagen fibres, firm supportive base, regulates molecular movement, tissue repair
Endothelium - squamous, permeate, regulate diffusion

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12
Q

Elastic/conducting arteries

A

Thick walled
Close to the heart
Elastic tissues - expansion and contraction causing blood to flow smoothly

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13
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Smaller
Branch from, elastic arteries
Distribute blood top body
More muscular tunica media - control blood flow

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14
Q

Arterioles

A

Smooth muscle (media) around endothelium
Collagen fibres
Regulate blood flow to capillaries
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest
Thin walled
Tunica intima
Access to all the cells
Slower blood flow for to allow exchange
Larger SA

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16
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Least permeable
Most common
E.g. skin, muscle

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17
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Large fenestrations (pores) - increase permeability
Special locations
E.g. kidney, small intestine

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18
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

Most permeable
Special locations
E.g. liver, bone marrow, spleen

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19
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Redirect blood flow depending on body needs
Open - through true capillaries
Closed - through metarteriole

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20
Q

Veins and venules

A

Venules - capillaries joining together
Veins - venules joining together, lower BP, walls (tunicas) much thinner

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21
Q

Return of blood to the heart

A

Pressure
Valves
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump

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22
Q

Coronary arteries - left

A

Two branches
Anterior interventricular artery - left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery

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23
Q

Coronary arteries - right

A

Two branches
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery

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24
Q

Coronary veins

A

Venus blood collected by cardiac veins
Join together to form coronary sinus - empties into the right atrium, three large tributaries; great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein
Anterior cardiac veins empty into right atrium

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25
Pulse
Pressure waves felt in an artery that lies close to the surface of the body Result from the left ventricle contracting
26
Blood pressure
Pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of a blood vessel mmHg Sphygmomanometer
27
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
True highest pressure Measured when the left ventricle is contracting and expelling blood into the aorta
28
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
Lowest pressure Measured when the left ventricle is relaxing and blood is flowing into the peripheral blood vessels
29
Pulse pressure (PP)
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure Felt in arteries Indication of health of blood vessels Over 60mmHg = not healthy
30
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
The pressure that propels the blood through the tissue Equivalent to the DBP + one third of PP
31
What determines blood pressure
Cardiac output Peripheral resistance - diameter and length Blood volume Blood viscosity Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Vascular tone
32
Control of blood pressure - low
Stimulus - low BP Baroreceptors inhibited Stilmulates cardioaccelerator centre and vasomotor centre Vasoconstriction - increase restriction Increase sympathetic impulse to heart - increase HR, contractility and CO
33
Control of blood pressure - high
Stimulus - high BP Baroreceptors stimulated Stimulate cardioinhibitory centre and inhibit vasomotor centre Vasodilation - decrease restriction Decrease sympathetic impulses to heart - decrease HR, contractility, CO
34
Marley’s law
Inverse relationship between blood and heart If BP too high, the heart rate will decrease If BP too low, the heart rate will increase
35
Bainbridge reflex
Blood returning to the heart enters the right atrium Stretch receptors in right atrium detect atrial filling Initiate reflex Results in increase heart rate - clear the extra blood
36
Frank starling’s law
More blood entering the ventricles from atria Greater stretch = greater force of ventricle contraction = greater SV Force of ventricular contraction is determined by the length of the cardiac muscle fibres
37
Stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during one contraction
38
End diastolic volume
Amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
39
End systolic volume
Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole At rest not all the blood in the heart is pumped out
40
Preload
The degree to which the ventricular muscle is stretched just before contracting
41
After load
The pressure the ventricles must overcome to push the blood through the semilunar valves as the ventricles contract Around 80mmHg for left and 8mmHg for right
42
Long-term changes in blood pressure
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - initiated by decreased blood flow to the kidney, resulting in an increase on blood volume and vasoconstriction. This results to increased blood pressure
43
Increased CO2 concentration
CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 > HCO3- + H+ Carbon dioxide plus water forms carbonic acid Dissociates into bicarbonate (alkali) and hydrogen ions At lungs re associates so C)2 and water vapour can be exhaled
44
During exercise
Increase HR and SV = increase Q = increase BP - meet demands of muscles Increased muscle activity detected by proprioceptors = increase HR and SV = increase Q and BP
45
Wiggers’ diagram
1. Pressure left atrium > left ventricle = BF to left ventricle 2. Left ventricle contracts, pressure builds, bicuspid closes 3. Pressure left ventricle > aorta, semilunar opens 4. Ventricles relax, pressure drops, pressure aorta > ventricle, semilunar closes 5. Ventricle pressure drops below atria, bicuspid opens, ventricles fills
46
Action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Depolarisation - atria contract, electrical stimulation Plateau phase - Ca2+ influx, Ca2+ causes muscle contraction Repolariation - return to resting phase Refractory period - prevents summation, allows heart to fill
47
Depolarisation
The stimulus Causes a response in the muscle cell Contraction of the cell
48
Repolarisation
Depolarised cell returning to the resting position and getting ready for next contraction
49
P wave
Sino atrial node sends out an impulse actress atria Atria contract
50
PR interval
Impulse delayed at atrioventricular node
51
QRS complex
Impulse passed on to ventricles Ventricles contract
52
S-T segment
Interval between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
53
T wave
Ventricular repolarisation begins Ventricles get ready for the next contraction
54
Heart rate control
Sino atrial node initiates firing of 100b.min-1 Regulated by autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nerves (accelerator nerve) increase HR and force of contraction Parasympathetic nerves (vagus nerve) decrease HR
55
Conduction of the heart
Sino atrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Purkinje fibres
56
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm Ectopic focus - site that generates an ectopic beat Tachychardia - >100b.min-1 Bradycardia - <60b.min-1
57
Myocardial infarction
Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing of coronary artery May cause chest pain
58
Hypertension
High blood pressure 140/90 mmHg or more in the <80 150/90 mmHg or more >80 Risk factor of cardiovascular disease
59
Hypotension
Low blood pressure A drop in systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or more A drop to below 100 mmHg on standing even if it drop is less than 20 mmHg A drop in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg is considered positive with symptoms
60
Congenital heart disease (CHD)
General term for a range of birth defects that affect how the normal heart works Septal defects ASD VSD Valves defers CoA
61
Congenital heart disease (CHD) symptoms
Blue tinge to skin or lips (cyanosis) Rapid breathing and heartbeat Swelling in legs, tummy, around eyes, hands, ankles or feet Shortness of breath in babies during feeding Extreme tiredness and fatigue Fainting during exercise
62
Congenital heart disease (CHD) treatments
Surgical correction of defect Valve or reconnection of the crossed veins Arteries or compartments “pluming” Valve replacement
63
Coronary heart disease (CHD) cause
Atherosclerosis - a plaque build up in the arteries around the heart
64
Coronary heart disease (CHD) symptoms
Chest pain (angina); arm, neck, back,chest,jaw Shortness of breath Pain throughout the body Feeling faint Feeling sick (nausea)
65
Risk factors for developing atherosclerosis
Smoking High blood pressure (hypertension) High cholesterol High levels of lipoprotein (a) Sedentary lifestyle Diabetes Obesity Family history of CHD
66
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and MI
ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction (STEMI) Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) Unstable angina
67
Treatments for CHD and ACS
Angioplasty - stenting Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
68
Heart failure
Caused by a structural and/or functional abnormality that produces raised intracadiac pressure and/or inadequate cardiac output at rest and/or at exercise Long-term condition, gradually worse over time
69
Heart failure symptoms
Breathlessness on exertion or rest Fatigue or feeling tired most of the time Finding exercise exhaustion Feeling lightheaded, dizzy or fainting Oedema - swollen ankles and legs
70
Heart failure causes
Coronary artery disease Hypertension Cardiomyopathy Familial Infective Immune-mediated Toxins - alcohol or cocaine Pregnancy Sarcoidosis Amyloidosis Haemochromatosis Connective tissue disease Congenital heart disease Arrhythmia End-stage chronic kidney disease Liver failure Obesity
71
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF)
People who have symptoms of heart failure, cardiac structure or function abnormalities, and/or raised levels of natriuretic peptides with a preserved LVEF >50%
72
Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF)
People with a LVEF between 41-49%
73
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
A reduced LVEF of <40%
74
Heart failure treatments - medical management
Stop any medication that could be impacting on the heart - chemotherapy Diuretics - frusemide Antiplatelet treatment - reduces platelets, thinning the blood Antihypertensives - angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor Beta blockers
75
Heart failure treatments - holistic management
Lifestyle changes - healthy diet Exercise regularly Cardiac rehabilitation Smoking cessation
76
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Many vascular diseases Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
77
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) symptoms
Intermittent claudication Hair loss on legs and feet Numbness or weakness in the legs Brittle, slow-growing toenails Ulcers on feet and legs Discolouration on the skin paler than usual or blue Shiny skin Erectile dysfunction in men Muscle atrophy
78
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) treatments - medication
Statins - reduce the production of LDL cholesterol by your liver Antihypertensives - reduce blood pressure Naftidrofuryl oxalate - reduced claudication Antiplatelet treatment - reduces platelets thinning the blood
79
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) treatments - lifestyle changes
Weight reduction of obese - medical Rx Diet change Reduce alcohol intake Smoking cessation Exercise
80
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) symptoms
Throbbing pain in one leg Swelling in one leg Warm skin around the painful area Red or darkened skin around the painful area Swollen veins that are hard or sore when you touch them
81
Risk factors for DVTs
Over 60 Obese Smoker Previous DVT Contraceptive pill or HRT Cancer or heart failure Varicose veins Post surgical patients Bed bound patients Long journey Pregnant or had a baby in the pervious 6 weeks Dehydrated
82
Risks of PAD and DVT
Piece of atherosclerosis breaks off the artery a blood clot will develop Blood clot can travel around the body If it travels/develops in the coronary artery it can trigger a heart attack If it travels/develops in the arteries supplying the brain it can cause a stroke If it travels/develops in the lungs it will cause a pulmonary emboli (PE)
83
Symptoms of pulmonary emboli
Difficulty breathing that comes on suddenly Chest pain that’s worse when you breath in Coughing up blood
84
Treatment for PE and DVT
Anticoagulation - physiotherapy can start after treatment dose is given Mobility Exercise Lifestyle advice

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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