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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers
Circulate in the blood
Act upon specific target cells
Bring about specific changes in cellular function

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glandular portion - lines with secretory epithelial cells
Duct portion - lines with simple cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells

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3
Q

Exocrine glands function

A

Secrete non-hormone products via ducts to a target organ, body cavity or tissue surface

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless
Hollow spherical follicles lines with secretory epithelial cells
Each follicle is surrounded by an extensive capillary network

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5
Q

Endocrine glands function

A

Produce hormones that are secreted into interstitial fluid and diffused into the blood where it travels to the target organ, tissue or cell

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6
Q

Functions

A

Co-ordination
Homeostasis
Glandular secretion
Metabolism
Behaviour
Growth and development
Physical appearance
Reproduction
Digestion
Circadian rhythm
Body fluids
Immune response
Mood and emotions
Hunger

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Anterior region of the brain
Below thalamus
Above brainstem
Neurosecretory cell bodies

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8
Q

Hypothalamus - function

A

Co-ordinating homeostatic mechanisms, behaviour patterns and neuroendocrine outputs
Regulates - temperature, fluid volume, growth, pain and pleasure response, hunger and thirst

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9
Q

Hypothalamus - releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

Corticotropin (CRH) - releasing hormone
Thyrotropin (TRH) - releasing hormone
Growth hormone (GH) - releasing hormone
Gonadotropin - releasing hormone
Somatostatin - inhibiting GH and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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10
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small pea-shaped gland
Lies at the base of the brain within the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
Suspended from hypothalamus by the infundibulum
Anterior and posterior lobes

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11
Q

Pituitary gland - function

A

Anterior - endocrine organ
Posterior - endocrine organ and nervous functions, intrinsically connected to the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Pituitary gland - anterior pituitary gland

A

75% total weight
Two parts - pars tuberalis and pard distalis
Mass of endocrine glandular epithelial cells forming continuous cords around sinusoid capillary network

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13
Q

Pituitary gland - hormones released by anterior pituitary gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - thyroid hormone synthesis
Adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH) - secretion of glucocorticoid hormones
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - influence brain activity
Human growth hormone (HGH) - growth and repair, lipid, carbs and protein metabolism
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - oestrogen, sperm production
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - progesterone, testosterone
Prolactin (PRL) - milk production and secretion

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14
Q

Pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland

A

Includes the infundibulum and the pard nervous

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15
Q

Pituitary gland - hormones released by posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin (OT) - uterine contractions, milk release
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - reduces urine output

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16
Q

Kidneys

A

Outer cortex - arcuate and interlobular arteries and veins
Inner medulla - renal pyramids
Nephrons

17
Q

Kidney - hormones

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) - increased RBC production
Calcitriol - absorption of calcium from intestines
Renin - targets angiotensinogen, vasodilation, suprarenal cortex produces aldosterone

18
Q

Ovaries

A

Located in ovarian fossa close to lateral pelvic wall
Uterine tube covers medial surface
Fimbrae covers lateral surface
Fimbrae - finger-like projections surrounding the opening of the uterine tubes

19
Q

Ovaries - hormones

A

Oestrogens and progesterone - menstrual cycle, pregnancy

20
Q

Testes

A

Suspended outside the body in the scrotum
Two testes separated by fibrous tissue called median raphe
Epididymis - tube like structure from, the superior aspect and descends to the tail at the base of the testes, forms the ductus deferens

21
Q

Testes - hormones

A

Testosterone - secondary sexual characteristics, sperm production

22
Q

Thymus

A

Lobulated gland
Located in the anterior mediastinum posterior to the sternum and anterior to the trachea
Cortex and medulla
Divided into lobules by connective tissue septa forming enters routes

23
Q

Thymus - hormones

A

Thymosin
Thymic humoral factor
Thymic factor
Thymopoietin
Promoter the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes

24
Q

Pineal gland

A

Pea-sized pineal body lies inn the middle of the brain in the midline
Between the two superior colliculi
Associated with regulation of sleep-wake cycle

25
Q

Pineal gland - hormones

A

Melatonin - during darkness the pineal gland synthesises melatonin. Promote sleep and regulate sleep-wake cycles

26
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Sits in front of the trachea at the level of C7-T1
Right and left lob which sit either side connected by the isthmus

27
Q

Thyroid gland - hormones

A

Triidothyronine (T4) - increases BMR, synthesis sodium potassium pump
Thyroxine (T3) - body temperature, increase heart rate, blood pressure and contractility, body growth
Calcitonin - increase calcium uptake by bones

28
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four, rice-sized
Two superior and two inferior
Lie on the posterior surface of the lobe of the thyroid gland

29
Q

Parathyroid glands - hormones

A

Chief cells secrete the hormones
Increase calcium in the blood
Calcium is removed from the bone tissue into the blood

30
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Small, yellow, lobular glands that lie superomedial to the kidneys
Behind the peritoneum
Surrounded by fat
Inner medulla and outer cortex
Right - pyramid shaped
Left - flatter and slightly larger

31
Q

Adrenal glands - function

A

Regulation of mineral homeostasis
Regulation of glucose homeostasis
Promote puberty
Triggering fight-or-flight response

32
Q

Adrenal glands - cortex hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids - increase Na+ and water reabsorption into blood, increase blood volume and pressure
Glucocorticoids - cortisol, metabolism growth, blood sugar levels, anti-inflammatory
Androgens - growth spurts, growth of auxiliary and pubic hair, libido

33
Q

Adrenal glands - medulla hormone

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine - enhances effects of nervous system during stress response

34
Q

Pancreas

A

12-15cm long, leaf shaped
Lies horizontally, deep to the stomach
Cover in front by peritoneum
Endocrine and exocrine
Four parts - uncinate process, head, body and tail
Central branching duct
Ducts join with common bile duct

35
Q

Pancreas - hormones

A

Glucagon - raise blood glucose
Insulin - lowers blood glucose
Somatostatin - inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, suppresses reabsorption of nutrients
Pancreatic polypeptide - inhibits somatostatin secretion, suppresses gallbladder contraction

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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