Biochemistry And Metabolism Flashcards

Question

Metabolism

Answer 1

All (bio) chemical reactions occurring in the body

Answer 2

Breakdown complex molecule to simpler ones Exothermic - release heat and energy/ATP E.g. cellular respiration

Answer 3

Build up of complex molecules of life Endothermic - requires energy/ATP input E.g. biosynthetic reactions; protein synthesis

Answer 4

In the fed state - following digestion, nutrients absorbed into blood stream 4 hours, 12 hours per day Anabolism - storing Catabolism - breaking down Insulin

Answer 5

Free glucose - produce ATP Lipids used - synthesis Amino acids - protein synthesis Glycogenesis Fatty acids, amino acids and glucose stored as fat - lipogenesis

Answer 6

In the fasting state - following absorption, nutrients stored or being used Late morning, late afternoon, night Brain and Red blood cells Glucagon

Answer 7

Glycogen - glycogenolysis, free glucose Triglycerides - lipolysis, fatty acids and glycerol Gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

Muscle glycogen - one site glucose for contraction Liver glycogen - systemic control, blood glucose

Answer 9

Glucose molecules linked together to form glycogen Absorptive state Anabolic pathway requiring ATP Insulin

Answer 10

Glycogen splitting Post-absorptive state - blood glucose levels low Muscles - glucose-6-phosphate Liver - enzymes to remove phosphate Glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol

Answer 11

‘New’ glucose from non-carbohydrate sources Lactic acid Glycerol Amino acids

Answer 12

Most concentrated energy source 50% of fat storage - subcutaneous adipose tissue Lipocytes - expand with stored fat until used

Answer 13

Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids converted into fat Absorptive state Insulin

Answer 14

Triglycerides broken into glycerol and fatty acids Post-absorptive state Fatty acids - Beta-oxidation Glycerol - gluconeogenesis Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol and thyroid hormones

Answer 15

Formation of protein structures from amino acids Transcription Translation

Answer 16

Body can synthesise them

Answer 17

Body cannot synthesise them Must get them from our diet

Answer 18

Protein catabolised for energy or converted into fat Amino acids deaminated - NH2 -> NH3 -> urea Remainder of molecule is a ketoacid

Answer 19

Enter Kreb’s cycle - fully catabolised for energy Converted to glucose Converted to fat

Answer 20

Released - elevated blood glucose levels Effect - lowers blood glucose levels Promotes - glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis Inhibits glycogenolysis

Answer 21

Released - decreased blood glucose levels Effect - raises blood glucose Promotes - glucose release, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, protein catabolism Inhibits - glycogenesis

Answer 22

Released - stress and exercise Effect - raises blood glucose, increases availability and use of fatty acids by tissues, glucose conserved for bran and red blood cells Increases - glycogenolysis, lipolysis

Answer 23

Released - long-term stressed and prolonged exercise Effect - raises blood glucose, increases availability and use of fatty acids by tissues, glucose conserved for bran and red blood cells Increases - gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, lipolysis

Answer 24

Changes in response to exercise Effect - raises blood glucose, increases availability and use of fatty acids by tissues, glucose conserved for bran and red blood cells Increases - lipolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis Enhances - Beta-oxidation

Answer 25

Reduced glucose uptake - increase use of fat for energy Increased lipolysis - greater production of ketones No glycogen storage Reduced protein synthesis Increased hepatic glucose release

Answer 26

Increased lipolysis Increased amino acid catabolism Increased gluconeogenesis Breakdown of body proteins