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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Biochemistry And Metabolism > Flashcards

Biochemistry And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Micronutrients: carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starch
Monosaccharides
Glucose - C6H12O6

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2
Q

Micronutrients: lipids

A

Insoluble in water
Triglycerides - 3x fatty acids and 1x glycerol

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3
Q

Micronutrients: proteins

A

Basic structural material of the body
E.g. enzymes, haemoglobin, contractile proteins of muscle
Amino acids - amine group and organic acid group

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4
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Form of energy
ATP -> ADP + Pi
Temporal store
Used up quickly

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5
Q

ATP: used for

A

Transport work - solutes across membrane
Mechanical work - contractile proteins shorten
Chemical work - energy absorbing reactions

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6
Q

Stored ATP

A

Very small amounts
80-100g
High turnover
Supply first 2-6 seconds

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7
Q

ATP-PC system

A

CP -> C + P
P + ADP -> ATP
Coupled reaction
Direct phosphorylation
First 10 seconds
No oxygen

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8
Q

ATP-PC system: Creatine kinase

A

Enzyme
Catalyses direct phosphorylation
Damaged muscle - lost in bloodstream

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9
Q

Catabolism of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 38ATP + heat
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation - ETC

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10
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose (6C) broken into 2 pyruvic acid (3C)
2 ATP used
4 ATP produced
Net - 2 ATP
2NAD+ -> 2NADH + H+

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11
Q

Glycolysis: no/little oxygen outcome

A

Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid
Muscle fatigue
Acidosis
NADH + H+ -> NAD+
Anaerobic pathway - 2 ATP

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12
Q

Glycolysis: oxygen available outcome

A

Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria
Krebs cycle Oxidative
Aerobic pathway - potential 38ATP

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13
Q

Transition

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyle-coenzyme A
Redox reaction
NAD+ -> NADH + H+
Carbon - CO2

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondria
Carbon -> CO2
3NAD+ - NADH + H+
FAD -> FADH2
2 cycles for 1 glucose - 2 pyruvates

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15
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: ETC

A

NADH + H+ and FADH2 pass hydrogens and electrons to oxygen via electron transport chain to form H2O
Oxygen is the final acceptor
38ATP
NADH + H+ - 3 or 2.5 ATP
FADH2 - 2 or 1.5 ATP

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16
Q

NAD

A

Derived from the B vitamin niacin
NAD+ + 2H -> NADH + H+

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17
Q

FAD

A

Derived from the B vitamin riboflavin
FAD + 2H -> FADH2

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18
Q

Catabolism of lipids

A

Glycerol - glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and ETC
Fatty acids - split into 2C fragments, Beta-oxidation, in mitochondria. Converted to Acetyle-CoA, Kreb’s cycle and ETC

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19
Q

Catabolism of lipids: fat yields

A

ATP yield per molecule - 129
ATP yield per carbon - 8.1
ATP yield per molecule of oxygen - 5.6

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20
Q

Catabolism of lipids: respiratory exchange ratio

A

RER
Oxygen used : carbon dioxide produced
0.71
Determine predominant energy source used

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21
Q

Catabolism of lipids: ketones

A

Acids that your body makes when it breaks down fat for energy
Ketogenesis
Acetyl-CoA converted to ketones

22
Q

Catabolism of lipids: when does ketones happen

A

Low carbohydrate diet
Starvation
Uncontrollable diabetes mellitus

23
Q

Catabolism of lipids: effects of ketones

A

Kussmaul’s respiration - deep and fast, remove excess CO2 and increase pH
Ketone breath - smells like pear
Ketones in urine
Coma, death

24
Q

Catabolism of proteins

A

Amine group (NH2) removes - deamination
Converted into ammonia (NH3) then urea
Remaining part converted to pyruvate or acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle and ETC

25
Q

Metabolism

A

All (bio) chemical reactions occurring in the body

26
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Breakdown complex molecule to simpler ones
Exothermic - release heat and energy/ATP
E.g. cellular respiration

27
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Build up of complex molecules of life
Endothermic - requires energy/ATP input
E.g. biosynthetic reactions; protein synthesis

28
Q

Absorptive state

A

In the fed state - following digestion, nutrients absorbed into blood stream
4 hours, 12 hours per day
Anabolism - storing
Catabolism - breaking down
Insulin

29
Q

Absorptive state: at rest

A

Free glucose - produce ATP
Lipids used - synthesis
Amino acids - protein synthesis
Glycogenesis
Fatty acids, amino acids and glucose stored as fat - lipogenesis

30
Q

Post-absorptive state

A

In the fasting state - following absorption, nutrients stored or being used
Late morning, late afternoon, night
Brain and Red blood cells
Glucagon

31
Q

Post-absorptive state: at rest

A

Glycogen - glycogenolysis, free glucose
Triglycerides - lipolysis, fatty acids and glycerol
Gluconeogenesis

32
Q

Carbohydrate - glycogen: stored glycogen

A

Muscle glycogen - one site glucose for contraction
Liver glycogen - systemic control, blood glucose

33
Q

Carbohydrate - glycogen: glycogenesis

A

Glucose molecules linked together to form glycogen
Absorptive state
Anabolic pathway requiring ATP
Insulin

34
Q

Carbohydrate - glycogen: glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen splitting
Post-absorptive state - blood glucose levels low
Muscles - glucose-6-phosphate
Liver - enzymes to remove phosphate
Glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol

35
Q

Carbohydrate - glycogen: gluconeogenesis

A

‘New’ glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Lactic acid
Glycerol
Amino acids

36
Q

Fats - lipids

A

Most concentrated energy source
50% of fat storage - subcutaneous adipose tissue
Lipocytes - expand with stored fat until used

37
Q

Fats - lipids: lipogenesis

A

Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids converted into fat
Absorptive state
Insulin

38
Q

Fats - lipids: lipolysis

A

Triglycerides broken into glycerol and fatty acids
Post-absorptive state
Fatty acids - Beta-oxidation
Glycerol - gluconeogenesis
Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol and thyroid hormones

39
Q

Protein: protein synthesis

A

Formation of protein structures from amino acids
Transcription
Translation

40
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A

Body can synthesise them

41
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Body cannot synthesise them
Must get them from our diet

42
Q

Protein: protein catabolism

A

Protein catabolised for energy or converted into fat
Amino acids deaminated - NH2 -> NH3 -> urea
Remainder of molecule is a ketoacid

43
Q

Protein: ketoacid

A

Enter Kreb’s cycle - fully catabolised for energy
Converted to glucose
Converted to fat

44
Q

Anabolic hormones: insulin

A

Released - elevated blood glucose levels
Effect - lowers blood glucose levels
Promotes - glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis
Inhibits glycogenolysis

45
Q

Catabolic hormones: glucagon

A

Released - decreased blood glucose levels
Effect - raises blood glucose
Promotes - glucose release, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, protein catabolism
Inhibits - glycogenesis

46
Q

Catabolic hormones: epinephrine

A

Released - stress and exercise
Effect - raises blood glucose, increases availability and use of fatty acids by tissues, glucose conserved for bran and red blood cells
Increases - glycogenolysis, lipolysis

47
Q

Catabolic hormones: cortisol

A

Released - long-term stressed and prolonged exercise
Effect - raises blood glucose, increases availability and use of fatty acids by tissues, glucose conserved for bran and red blood cells
Increases - gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, lipolysis

48
Q

Catabolic hormones: thyroid hormones

A

Changes in response to exercise
Effect - raises blood glucose, increases availability and use of fatty acids by tissues, glucose conserved for bran and red blood cells
Increases - lipolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Enhances - Beta-oxidation

49
Q

Dieting, prolonged fast, low carbohydrate diet: low insulin levels

A

Reduced glucose uptake - increase use of fat for energy
Increased lipolysis - greater production of ketones
No glycogen storage
Reduced protein synthesis
Increased hepatic glucose release

50
Q

Dieting, prolonged fast, low carbohydrate diet: elevated levels of glucagon and cortisol

A

Increased lipolysis
Increased amino acid catabolism
Increased gluconeogenesis
Breakdown of body proteins

51
Q

Dieting, prolonged fast, low carbohydrate diet: elevated levels of glucagon and cortisol

A

Increased lipolysis
Increased amino acid catabolism
Increased gluconeogenesis
Breakdown of body proteins

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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