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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A

Excretion of waste and toxins
Regulation of blood ionic composition
Maintenance of blood osmolarity
Regulation of blood pH
Regulation of blood pressure
Hormone production
Regulate blood glucose

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

Either side of the vertebral column
Level T12-L3
Lateral - convex
Medial - concave
Renal cortex and renal medulla

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3
Q

Nephrons

A

Functional units of the urinary system
Intricate system of tubules surrounded by blood vessels
Millions per kidney

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4
Q

Glomerulus

A

Compact network of capillaries
Afferent and efferent arterioles

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5
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

In renal cortex

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6
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Begins in the cortex
Extends into the medulla
Ascending and descending limb

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7
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

Links loop of Henle with the collecting duct
In the cortex

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8
Q

Collecting duct (CD)

A

Function to drain the renal tubules

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9
Q

Glomerulus: Juxtaglomerular appparatus

A

Differentiated cells that occupy a region of the renal corpuscle
Role in the regulation of blood pressure, volume and osmolarity, secretion of renin

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10
Q

Glomerulus: visceral layer

A

Fenestrations - small pores, blood plasma can go through
3.4-4.2 nm wide
No big molecules can not enter the filtrate

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11
Q

Glomerulus: filtration membrane

A

Negative charge molecules can not enter the filtrate

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12
Q

Glomerulus: podocytes

A

Stellate squamous epithelial cells
Projections that wrap around the capillaries

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13
Q

Filtration

A

Blood is filtered - water and solutes move out
Glomerular filtrate
Renal corpuscle
Filtrate - glucose, amino acids, wastes, vitamins, electrolytes, nutrients, water.

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14
Q

Glomerular filtrate rate

A

Rate the kidney/nephron filters the blood
GFR = 125ml/minute
180 tires of filtrate are produced per day

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15
Q

Promotion of filtrate: net filtration pressure

A

Sum of all forces/pressure
From the glomerular capillaries to the capsular space

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16
Q

Promotion of filtrate: glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

A

55mmHg
In glomerular capillaries
Force liquid through the filtration membrane
Promotes filtration

17
Q

Promotion of filtrate: blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

30mmHg
Presence of large proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane
Opposes filtration

18
Q

Promotion of filtrate: capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

15mmHg
Presence of fluid already inside the capsular space and renal tubule
Prevents the passage of liquid through the filtration membrane
Opposes filtration

19
Q

Auto-regulation

A

High pressure - afferent arterioles constrict
Low pressure - efferent arterioles constrict, afferent arterioles release renin

20
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Water and solutes reabsorbed
Proximal convoluted tubule
Sodium is actively reabsorbed
Water, some ions and nutrients by osmosis, diffusion or facilitated diffusion

21
Q

Tubular reabsorption: transport maximum

A

Maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed
E.g. glucose exceeds its Tm it is lost in the urine

22
Q

Tubular reabsorption: aldosterone

A

Influences reabsorption of water and sodium
In distal convoluted tubule Prevents

23
Q

Tubular reabsorption: ADH

A

Affects permeability of the collecting duct to water
Reabsorb more water or increase water loss

24
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Substances moved out of blood into the filtrate
Remove particular chemicals
Control ionic composition of the blood
Potassium - proximal and distal convoluted tubule in exchange for sodium

25
Q

Urine chemical composition

A

Water
Urea - breakdown of amino acids
Sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulphate
Creatine - metabolism in muscle tissue
Uric acid - metabolism of nuclei acids

26
Q

Regulation of urine concentration and volume

A

Body fluid osmotic concentration - 300mOsm
Osmolality - number of solute particles in 1Kg
Osmolarity - number of solute particles in 1L of water
Counter current system
Defending limb - water moves out into capillaries
Ascending limb - impermeable to water, pumps salt out

27
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Plasma osmolarity detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, tells posterior pituitary gland to increase or decrease ADH secretion
Affects permeability of collecting duct

28
Q

Increase of ADH

A

Collecting duct more permeable to water
More aquaporin channels in membrane
Greater water reabsorption
Less urine
More concentrated

29
Q

Decrease of ADH

A

Collecting duct less permeable to water
Less aquaporin channels in membrane
Less water reabsorption
More urine
Less concentrated

30
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

Renin release from Juxtaglomerular apparatus - low pressure
Converts angiotensinogen (inactive protein) into angiotensin I (inactive) then into angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

31
Q

Angiotensin II causes

A

Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels
Release aldosterone from adrenal cortex - reabsorption of sodium and water in DCT
Influences ADH release

32
Q

Acid-bases balance

A

pH rage of blood - 7.35 - 7.45
More hydrogen ions - lower pH, more acidic
More OH- ions - higher pH, more alkaline

33
Q

Mechanisms to maintain the acid-base balance

A

Buffer - soak up excess H+ or OH-
Respiratory system - H+ increase, respiratory rate increase, excess H+ breathed out as CO2
Renal system - low pH, H+ in urine

34
Q

Production of erythropoietin

A

By kidneys
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
Hypoxaemia - low levels of oxygen in the blood, stimulates erythropoietin production

35
Q

Calcium and phosphate regulation

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcium reabsorbed and phosphate excreted
Low plasma calcium - release PTH, increase calcium reabsorption from kidneys and GIT, release calcium from bones
Needed for - strong bones and teeth, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting

36
Q

Vitamin D metabolism

A

Obtained from sunlight
Converted in the skin to form modified cholesterol
Kidneys - converts vitamin D into the active form, stimulates absorption of calcium from GIT, maintain calcium levels

37
Q

Vitamin D metabolism

A

Obtained from sunlight
Converted in the skin to form modified cholesterol
Kidneys - converts vitamin D into the active form, stimulates absorption of calcium from GIT, maintain calcium levels

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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