Skeletal system Flashcards
Major functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- (organ) protection
- movement
- (mineral) storage
- blood cell poduction
is a connective tissue that contains collagen, gorund substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.
bone
these compositions form the extracellular matrix (5)
collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals
main function of the bone?
support
movement
bone
free movement (levers with the skeletal muscle)
main composition
- collagen
- calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite)
bone
the bone is mainly composed of collagen and calcium phosphates, specifically?
hydroxyapatite
main function
cartilage
covering
movement
Free movement (reduces wear and tear on the joint surfaces)
cartilage
main composition
- collagen
- elastic fibers
- proteoglycans
cartilage
water-trapping proteins, which help cartilage be smooth and resilient
proteoglycans
main function
tendon
muscle to bone
main composition
tendon
collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)
movement
full contraction
tendon
main function
ligament
bone to bone attachment
movement
minimal movement (stabilizer)
ligament
main composition
ligament
collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)
2 connective tissues of the bone that are mainly composed of collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)
tendon and ligament
bones are classified according to its? (2)
- shape
- histological structure
4 classifications of bones
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
bone classification
- longer than they are wide
- this shape enhances thein functional movement of the limbs
long bones
classification of bones
- has a central shaft
- mostly on the upper and lower limbs
long bones
classification of bones
long as they are wide
short bones
classification of bones
allows stability and facilitates some movement
short bones
classification of bones
relatively thin, flattened shape
flat bones
classification of bones
provide barrier around soft organs
flat bones
classification of bones
have shaped that do not fit readily into other three categories
irregular bones
bone histology
Bones are classified into either:
a) compact bone
b) spongy bone
epiphyseal lines are seen on?
mature long bones
epiphyseal plates are seen on?
(growth plate)
growing long bones
calcium phosphate crystals
hydroxiapatite
4 types of bone cells
- osteogenic
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
types of bone cells
bone building cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans
osteoblasts
types of bone cells
formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called?
ossification or osteogenesis
Bone matrix
consists of 35% ______ and 65% ______ material
organic; inorganic
bone matrix
the organic material of the bone matrix primarily consists of ?
collagen and proteoglycans
bone matrix
the inorganic material consists primarily of ?
calcium phosphate crystals or hydroxyapatite
bone matrix
the collagen fibers lend ___
flexible strength
bone matrix
mineral components givethe matrix ___?
weight bearing strength
bone matrix
what happens if bone lost minerals? lost collagen?
brittle bone disease
1. too flexible bc relies on collagen
2. too brittle bc relies on minerals (easily broken)
bone cells
forms bone extracellular matrix
osteoblast
bone cells
maintains bone tissue/matrix
osteocytes
bone cells
functions are reabsorption or resorption
osteoclast
bone cells
when bones are destroyed or are broken down then is absorbed into the blood stream
resorption or reabsorption
bone cells
develops into osteoblasts
osteogenic cell
bone cells
multinucleated cells
osteoclasts
is a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
periosteum
- is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces (trabeculae)
- includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts
endosteum
Parts of a Long bone
- center portion of a long bone
- consists of compact bone
diaphysis
parts of a long bone
- hollow center inside diaphysis
- spongy bone can be seen in the lining
- contains yellow and red bone marrow
medullary cavity
parts of a long bone
- ends of a long bone
- consists mostly of spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
epiphysis
2 processes of formation of bone or ossification
- intramembranous
- endochondral
Bone ossification
- occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes
intramembranous
bone ossification
- occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the hyaline cartilage.
endochondral
bone ossification
primarily happens in skull and clavicle
intramembranous ossification
bone ossification
primarily happens in bone except skull and clavicle
endochondral ossification
bone ossification
diaphysis of clavicle is developed
intramembranous ossification
bone ossification
epiphysis of clavicle is developed
endochondral ossification
removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
bone remodeling
bone remodeling
____ remove old bone;______ deposit new bone
osteolclasts;osteoblasts
functions of bone remodeling (4)
- bone growth,
- changes in bone shape,
- bone repair, and
- calcium ion regulation
4 major steps in bone repair
- hematoma formation
- callus formation
- callus ossification
- bone remodeling
bone repair
blood vessels and cells invade the clot and produce a network of ________ called a callus
callus formation
fibers and cartilage
bone repair
osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone
callus ossification
bone repair
when bone is broken a clot forms in the damaged area.
hematoma formation
bone repair
most of the spongy bone is slowly remodeled to form compact bone and the repair is complete.
bone remodeling
bone cell in developing bone?
osteoblasts
bone cells in newly formed bone
osteocyte
covers trabeculae
endosteum
- covers outer surface of bone
- contains blood vessels and nerves
periosteum
spongy bone
- contains osteoblast and osteoclasts covering trabecula
endosteum
spongy bone
- contains osteocyte
- rings in between lamellae
lacunae
spongy bone
interconnecting rods or plates of bone
trabeculae
spongy bone
sheets or layers of bone
lamellae
in between lamellae where osteocytes are found
lacunae
spongy bone
across lamellae, looking like minute cracks across the rings of the lamellae
canaliculi/canaliculus
perforiating canal for spongy bone
volksmann’s canal
perforiating fibers in periosteum
sharpey’s fibers
spaces in spongy bone contain
bone marrow and blood vessels
Examples of long bones:
- Humerus
- radius(thumb side)
- ulna (pinky side)
- metacarpal/ metatarsal
- phalanges
- femur
- fibula (pinky toe side)
- tibia (thicker big toe side)
examples of short bones
tarsals
carpals
examples of flat bones
- sternum
- cranial bones
- ribs
- scapulae
examples of irregular bones
- vertebrae
- sacrum
Mature bone is called ____
Lamellar bone
bone histology
____ has less bone matrix and more space
spongy bone
bone histology
___ has more bone matrix and less space
compact bone
compact bone is also called?
corticial bone
functional unit of compact bone
osteon (haversian system)
the central canal are lined with ?
endosteum
the central canal contain ?(3)
blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
__ or soft spots, are larger, membrane cover spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified.
fontanels
