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Anaphy > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. (organ) protection
  3. movement
  4. (mineral) storage
  5. blood cell poduction
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2
Q

is a connective tissue that contains collagen, gorund substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.

A

bone

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3
Q

these compositions form the extracellular matrix (5)

A

collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals

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4
Q

main function of the bone?

A

support

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5
Q

movement

bone

A

free movement (levers with the skeletal muscle)

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6
Q

main composition

  • collagen
  • calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite)
A

bone

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7
Q

the bone is mainly composed of collagen and calcium phosphates, specifically?

A

hydroxyapatite

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8
Q

main function

cartilage

A

covering

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9
Q

movement

Free movement (reduces wear and tear on the joint surfaces)

A

cartilage

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10
Q

main composition

  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • proteoglycans
A

cartilage

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11
Q

water-trapping proteins, which help cartilage be smooth and resilient

A

proteoglycans

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12
Q

main function

tendon

A

muscle to bone

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13
Q

main composition

tendon

A

collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)

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14
Q

movement

full contraction

A

tendon

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15
Q

main function

ligament

A

bone to bone attachment

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16
Q

movement

minimal movement (stabilizer)

A

ligament

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17
Q

main composition

ligament

A

collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)

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18
Q

2 connective tissues of the bone that are mainly composed of collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)

A

tendon and ligament

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19
Q

bones are classified according to its? (2)

A
  1. shape
  2. histological structure
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20
Q

4 classifications of bones

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
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21
Q

bone classification

  • longer than they are wide
  • this shape enhances thein functional movement of the limbs
A

long bones

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22
Q

classification of bones

  • has a central shaft
  • mostly on the upper and lower limbs
A

long bones

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23
Q

classification of bones

long as they are wide

A

short bones

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24
Q

classification of bones

allows stability and facilitates some movement

A

short bones

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25
Q

classification of bones

relatively thin, flattened shape

A

flat bones

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26
Q

classification of bones

provide barrier around soft organs

A

flat bones

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27
Q

classification of bones

have shaped that do not fit readily into other three categories

A

irregular bones

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28
Q

bone histology

Bones are classified into either:

A

a) compact bone
b) spongy bone

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29
Q

epiphyseal lines are seen on?

A

mature long bones

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30
Q

epiphyseal plates are seen on?

A

(growth plate)
growing long bones

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31
Q

calcium phosphate crystals

A

hydroxiapatite

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32
Q

4 types of bone cells

A
  1. osteogenic
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
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33
Q

types of bone cells

bone building cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans

A

osteoblasts

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34
Q

types of bone cells

formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called?

A

ossification or osteogenesis

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35
Q

Bone matrix

consists of 35% ______ and 65% ______ material

A

organic; inorganic

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36
Q

bone matrix

the organic material of the bone matrix primarily consists of ?

A

collagen and proteoglycans

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37
Q

bone matrix

the inorganic material consists primarily of ?

A

calcium phosphate crystals or hydroxyapatite

38
Q

bone matrix

the collagen fibers lend ___

A

flexible strength

39
Q

bone matrix

mineral components givethe matrix ___?

A

weight bearing strength

40
Q

bone matrix

what happens if bone lost minerals? lost collagen?

A

brittle bone disease
1. too flexible bc relies on collagen
2. too brittle bc relies on minerals (easily broken)

41
Q

bone cells

forms bone extracellular matrix

A

osteoblast

42
Q

bone cells

maintains bone tissue/matrix

A

osteocytes

43
Q

bone cells

functions are reabsorption or resorption

A

osteoclast

44
Q

bone cells

when bones are destroyed or are broken down then is absorbed into the blood stream

A

resorption or reabsorption

45
Q

bone cells

develops into osteoblasts

A

osteogenic cell

46
Q

bone cells

multinucleated cells

A

osteoclasts

47
Q

is a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

A

periosteum

48
Q
  • is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces (trabeculae)
  • includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts
A

endosteum

49
Q

Parts of a Long bone

  • center portion of a long bone
  • consists of compact bone
A

diaphysis

50
Q

parts of a long bone

  • hollow center inside diaphysis
  • spongy bone can be seen in the lining
  • contains yellow and red bone marrow
A

medullary cavity

51
Q

parts of a long bone

  • ends of a long bone
  • consists mostly of spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
A

epiphysis

52
Q

2 processes of formation of bone or ossification

A
  1. intramembranous
  2. endochondral
53
Q

Bone ossification

  • occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes
A

intramembranous

54
Q

bone ossification

  • occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the hyaline cartilage.
A

endochondral

55
Q

bone ossification

primarily happens in skull and clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

56
Q

bone ossification

primarily happens in bone except skull and clavicle

A

endochondral ossification

57
Q

bone ossification

diaphysis of clavicle is developed

A

intramembranous ossification

58
Q

bone ossification

epiphysis of clavicle is developed

A

endochondral ossification

59
Q

removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

A

bone remodeling

60
Q

bone remodeling

____ remove old bone;______ deposit new bone

A

osteolclasts;osteoblasts

61
Q

functions of bone remodeling (4)

A
  1. bone growth,
  2. changes in bone shape,
  3. bone repair, and
  4. calcium ion regulation
62
Q

4 major steps in bone repair

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. callus formation
  3. callus ossification
  4. bone remodeling
63
Q

bone repair

blood vessels and cells invade the clot and produce a network of ________ called a callus

callus formation

A

fibers and cartilage

64
Q

bone repair

osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone

A

callus ossification

65
Q

bone repair

when bone is broken a clot forms in the damaged area.

A

hematoma formation

66
Q

bone repair

most of the spongy bone is slowly remodeled to form compact bone and the repair is complete.

A

bone remodeling

67
Q

bone cell in developing bone?

A

osteoblasts

68
Q

bone cells in newly formed bone

A

osteocyte

69
Q

covers trabeculae

A

endosteum

70
Q
  • covers outer surface of bone
  • contains blood vessels and nerves
A

periosteum

71
Q

spongy bone

  • contains osteoblast and osteoclasts covering trabecula
A

endosteum

72
Q

spongy bone

  • contains osteocyte
  • rings in between lamellae
A

lacunae

73
Q

spongy bone

interconnecting rods or plates of bone

A

trabeculae

74
Q

spongy bone

sheets or layers of bone

A

lamellae

75
Q

in between lamellae where osteocytes are found

A

lacunae

76
Q

spongy bone

across lamellae, looking like minute cracks across the rings of the lamellae

A

canaliculi/canaliculus

77
Q

perforiating canal for spongy bone

A

volksmann’s canal

78
Q

perforiating fibers in periosteum

A

sharpey’s fibers

79
Q

spaces in spongy bone contain

A

bone marrow and blood vessels

80
Q

Examples of long bones:

A
  1. Humerus
  2. radius(thumb side)
  3. ulna (pinky side)
  4. metacarpal/ metatarsal
  5. phalanges
  6. femur
  7. fibula (pinky toe side)
  8. tibia (thicker big toe side)
81
Q

examples of short bones

A

tarsals
carpals

82
Q

examples of flat bones

A
  1. sternum
  2. cranial bones
  3. ribs
  4. scapulae
83
Q

examples of irregular bones

A
  1. vertebrae
  2. sacrum
84
Q

Mature bone is called ____

A

Lamellar bone

85
Q

bone histology

____ has less bone matrix and more space

A

spongy bone

86
Q

bone histology

___ has more bone matrix and less space

A

compact bone

87
Q

compact bone is also called?

A

corticial bone

88
Q

functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon (haversian system)

89
Q

the central canal are lined with ?

A

endosteum

90
Q

the central canal contain ?(3)

A

blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

91
Q

__ or soft spots, are larger, membrane cover spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified.

A

fontanels

Anaphy (12 decks)

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