Skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
Major functions of the skeletal system
A
- Support
- (organ) protection
- movement
- (mineral) storage
- blood cell poduction
2
Q
is a connective tissue that contains collagen, gorund substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.
A
bone
3
Q
these compositions form the extracellular matrix (5)
A
collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals
4
Q
main function of the bone?
A
support
5
Q
movement
bone
A
free movement (levers with the skeletal muscle)
6
Q
main composition
- collagen
- calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite)
A
bone
7
Q
the bone is mainly composed of collagen and calcium phosphates, specifically?
A
hydroxyapatite
8
Q
main function
cartilage
A
covering
9
Q
movement
Free movement (reduces wear and tear on the joint surfaces)
A
cartilage
10
Q
main composition
- collagen
- elastic fibers
- proteoglycans
A
cartilage
11
Q
water-trapping proteins, which help cartilage be smooth and resilient
A
proteoglycans
12
Q
main function
tendon
A
muscle to bone
13
Q
main composition
tendon
A
collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)
14
Q
movement
full contraction
A
tendon
15
Q
main function
ligament
A
bone to bone attachment
16
Q
movement
minimal movement (stabilizer)
A
ligament
17
Q
main composition
ligament
A
collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)
18
Q
2 connective tissues of the bone that are mainly composed of collagen fibers (dense connective tissue)
A
tendon and ligament
19
Q
bones are classified according to its? (2)
A
- shape
- histological structure
20
Q
4 classifications of bones
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
21
Q
bone classification
- longer than they are wide
- this shape enhances thein functional movement of the limbs
A
long bones
22
Q
classification of bones
- has a central shaft
- mostly on the upper and lower limbs
A
long bones
23
Q
classification of bones
long as they are wide
A
short bones
24
Q
classification of bones
allows stability and facilitates some movement
A
short bones
25
# classification of bones
relatively thin, flattened shape
flat bones
26
# classification of bones
provide barrier around soft organs
flat bones
27
# classification of bones
have shaped that do not fit readily into other three categories
irregular bones
28
# bone histology
Bones are classified into either:
a) compact bone
b) spongy bone
29
epiphyseal lines are seen on?
mature long bones
30
epiphyseal plates are seen on?
(growth plate)
growing long bones
31
calcium phosphate crystals
hydroxiapatite
32
4 types of bone cells
1. osteogenic
2. osteoblasts
2. osteocytes
3. osteoclasts
33
# types of bone cells
bone building cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans
osteoblasts
34
# types of bone cells
formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called?
ossification or osteogenesis
35
# Bone matrix
consists of 35% ______ and 65% ______ material
organic; inorganic
36
# bone matrix
the organic material of the bone matrix primarily consists of ?
collagen and proteoglycans
37
# bone matrix
the inorganic material consists primarily of ?
calcium phosphate crystals or hydroxyapatite
38
# bone matrix
the collagen fibers lend ___
flexible strength
39
# bone matrix
mineral components givethe matrix ___?
weight bearing strength
40
# bone matrix
what happens if bone lost minerals? lost collagen?
brittle bone disease
1. too flexible bc relies on collagen
2. too brittle bc relies on minerals (easily broken)
41
# bone cells
forms bone extracellular matrix
osteoblast
42
# bone cells
maintains bone tissue/matrix
osteocytes
43
# bone cells
functions are reabsorption or resorption
osteoclast
44
# bone cells
when bones are destroyed or are broken down then is absorbed into the blood stream
resorption or reabsorption
45
# bone cells
develops into osteoblasts
osteogenic cell
46
# bone cells
multinucleated cells
osteoclasts
47
is a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
periosteum
48
* is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces (trabeculae)
* includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts
endosteum
49
# Parts of a Long bone
* center portion of a long bone
* consists of compact bone
diaphysis
50
# parts of a long bone
* hollow center inside diaphysis
* spongy bone can be seen in the lining
* contains yellow and red bone marrow
medullary cavity
51
# parts of a long bone
* ends of a long bone
* consists mostly of spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
epiphysis
52
2 processes of formation of bone or ossification
1. intramembranous
2. endochondral
53
# Bone ossification
* occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in *connective tissue membranes*
intramembranous
54
# bone ossification
* occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the *hyaline cartilage.*
endochondral
55
# bone ossification
primarily happens in skull and clavicle
intramembranous ossification
56
# bone ossification
primarily happens in bone except skull and clavicle
endochondral ossification
57
# bone ossification
diaphysis of clavicle is developed
intramembranous ossification
58
# bone ossification
epiphysis of clavicle is developed
endochondral ossification
59
removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
bone remodeling
60
# bone remodeling
____ remove old bone;______ deposit new bone
osteolclasts;osteoblasts
61
functions of bone remodeling (4)
1. bone growth,
2. changes in bone shape,
3. bone repair, and
4. calcium ion regulation
62
4 major steps in bone repair
1. hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. callus ossification
4. bone remodeling
63
# bone repair
blood vessels and cells invade the clot and produce a network of ________ called a callus
| callus formation
fibers and cartilage
64
# bone repair
osteoblasts enter the callus and form *spongy bone*
callus ossification
65
# bone repair
when bone is broken a clot forms in the damaged area.
hematoma formation
66
# bone repair
most of the spongy bone is slowly remodeled to form compact bone and the repair is complete.
bone remodeling
67
bone cell in developing bone?
osteoblasts
68
bone cells in newly formed bone
osteocyte
69
covers trabeculae
endosteum
70
* covers outer surface of bone
* contains blood vessels and nerves
periosteum
71
# spongy bone
* contains osteoblast and osteoclasts covering trabecula
endosteum
72
# spongy bone
* contains osteocyte
* rings in between lamellae
lacunae
73
# spongy bone
interconnecting rods or plates of bone
trabeculae
74
# spongy bone
sheets or layers of bone
lamellae
75
in between lamellae where osteocytes are found
lacunae
76
# spongy bone
across lamellae, looking like minute cracks across the rings of the lamellae
canaliculi/canaliculus
77
perforiating canal for spongy bone
volksmann's canal
78
perforiating fibers in periosteum
sharpey's fibers
79
spaces in spongy bone contain
bone marrow and blood vessels
80
Examples of long bones:
1. Humerus
2. radius(thumb side)
3. ulna (pinky side)
4. metacarpal/ metatarsal
5. phalanges
6. femur
7. fibula (pinky toe side)
8. tibia (thicker big toe side)
81
examples of short bones
tarsals
carpals
82
examples of flat bones
1. sternum
2. cranial bones
3. ribs
4. scapulae
83
examples of irregular bones
1. vertebrae
2. sacrum
84
Mature bone is called ____
Lamellar bone
85
# bone histology
____ has less bone matrix and more space
spongy bone
86
# bone histology
___ has more bone matrix and less space
compact bone
87
compact bone is also called?
corticial bone
88
functional unit of compact bone
osteon (haversian system)
89
the central canal are lined with ?
endosteum
90
the central canal contain ?(3)
blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
91
__ or soft spots, are larger, membrane cover spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified.
fontanels
