Blood Flashcards
1
Q
- The only fluid tissue in the body
A
Blood
2
Q
is a type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix containing cells and fragments
A
blood
3
Q
living blood cells (cell fragments)
A
formed elements
4
Q
f
formed elements are suspended in a non living fluid matrix called?
A
plasma
5
Q
Total blood volume in an average female adult
A
4-5 liters
6
Q
total blood volume in an average male
A
5-6
7
Q
Blood makes up _% of the total weight of the body
A
8%
8
Q
Centrifuged blood
3 blood components
A
- Plasma (55%)
- Buffy Coat (<1%)
- erythrocytes (45%)
9
Q
Physical Characteristics
Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
A
Blood
10
Q
Physical Characteristics
Color varies from
A
scarlet to dark red.
11
Q
Blood is denser than ___ and about 5 times more ___largely because of the ___
A
- Blood is denser than water and about five times
more viscous, largely because of the formed
elements
12
Q
Blood is Slightly alkaline
A
(pH – 7.35-7.45)
13
Q
Functions of the Blood
A
- Protection
- Distribution
- Regulation
14
Q
A pale - yellow fluid that consists of about:
* 91% ___
* 7% ___
* 2% ___
A
Plasma
* 91% water
* 7% proteins
* 2% other solutes
15
Q
Plasma Proteins (3)
A
- Albumin
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
16
Q
Albumin (__%)
Globulin (__%)
Fibrinogen (__%)
A
Albumin (58%)
Globulin (38%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
17
Q
Contributes to osmotic
pressure
A
Albumin (58%)
18
Q
Composed of gamma,
alpha and beta
A
Globulin (38%)
19
Q
Contributes to blood
clot
A
Fibrinogen (4%)
20
Q
The process of blood cell production is called
A
“hematopoiesis.”
21
Q
All the formed elements of the blood are derived
from a single population of cells called
A
“stem cells.”
22
Q
Formed elements are composed of
A
- 95% of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- 5% of white blood cells (leukocytes) and blood platelets
(thrombocytes)
23
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells
24
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells
25
thrombocytes
blood platelets
26
Biconcave disk, no
nucleus,
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
27
erythrocytes contain
___ which colors
the cell red.
hemoglobin
28
diameter of erythrocytes (RBC)
6.5-8.5 micrometer
29
A microliter of blood
contains of ___ red
blood cells.
5 million
30
Functions of erythrocytes
Transports oxygen and cabon dioxide
31
Hemoglobin consist of
globin(2 alpha and beta polypeptide chains)
4 heme groups
32
Spherical cells with a
nucleus
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
33
A microliter of blood
contains __ white blood cells.
5,000-10,000 leukocytes
34
Body’s defense against
pathogens
WBC leukocytes
35
WBC is composed of (5)
* Neutrophil
* Basophil
* Eosinophil
* Lymphocyte
* Monocyte
36
# White Blood Cells
Nucleus with 2-4 lobes connected by thin filaments;cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple; **Phagocytosis**
Neutrophil
37
# WBC
Nucleus with 2 indistinct lobes; cytoplasmic granules stain blue-purple; **Inflammatory
Response**
Eosinophil
38
Nucleus often bilobes; cytoplasmic granules stain orange-red or bright red; ***Inflammation and Clot Formation***
Basophil
39
Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ring around the nucleus; **Direct cell attack (destroys microorganism)**
Lymphocyte
40
Nucleus round, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped; contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte; **Phagocytosis**
Monocyte
41
Minute fragments of
cells, each consisting of
small amount of
cytoplasm surrounded
by cell membrane.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
42
A microliter of blood
contains ___ platelets.
150,000-
400,000
43
Fuction of platelets (Thrombocytes)
Preventing
Blood loss
44
A laboratory examination of blood yields
information that can be used to evaluate a person’s
health. This involves CBC, Differential white blood
cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, etc.
Diagnostic Blood Tests
45
Analysis of blood that provides much useful
information
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
46
A CBC consists of
* RBC count
* Hemoglobin measurement
* Hematocrit measurement
* WBC count
47
Normal RBC count in Females and Males
Females: 4.2-5.4 million per
microliter of blood
Male: 4.6-6.2 million per
microliter of blood
48
Hemoglobin Measurement Normal Values
Male: 14-18 grams per 100mL
of blood
Female: 12-16 grams per
100mL of blood
49
Hematocrit Measurement Normal Values
Male: 40-52% of the blood
Female: 38-48% of the blood
50
White Blood Count Normal Values
5000-9000 per microliter of
Blood
51
Determines the percentage of each of the five kinds
of white blood cells.
Differential White Blood Cell
52
Normally, each kind account for:
* ___- neutrophils
* ___– lymphocytes
* ___- monocytes
* ___ - eosinophils
* ___ - basophils
of the entire white blood cell
* 60-70% - neutrophils
* 20-25%. – lymphocytes
* 3-8% - monocytes
* 2-4% - eosinophils
* 0.5-1% - basophils
53
The blood’s ability to clot can be assessed through:
Platelet Count, Prothrombin Time Measurement
54
* Platelet Count – Normal value:
150, 000 – 400, 000
platelets per microliter of blood.
55
calculates how long
it takes for the blood to start clotting.
Prothrombin Time Measurement
56
Prothrombin Time Measurement – Normally
9-12
seconds.
57
The composition of materials dissolved or
suspended in the plasma can be used to assess the functioning of many of the body’s systems
Blood Chemistry
58
Glucose, electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chlorides,
lipid, etc.
Blood Chemistry
59
Hemostasis: Blood Loss Prevention
* Vascular Spasm/Vasoconstriction
* Platelet Plug Formation
* Blood Clotting/Coagulation
60
* Process of blood loss prevention
* It involves many clotting factors normally present in
plasma as well as several substances that are released
by platelets and injured tissue cells.
Hemostasis
61
smooth muscle contracts causing
vasoconstriction
Vascular Spasm
62
Vascular spasm is stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel wall and by platelets. examples are:
* thromboxanes
* endothelin
63
injury lining of vessel
exposes to collagen fibers. Platelets also adhere and
release chemicals that cause formation of a plug
Platelet plug formation
64
3 steps of Platelet plug adhesion
1. Platelet adhesion
2. Platelet release reaction
3. Platelet aggregation
65
Platelet adhesionPlatelets stick to the collagen exposed by blood vessel damage. Most platelet adhesion is mediated through _______factor, a protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells.
von Willebrand
66
Platelet release reaction: Platelets release chemicals, such as ____ and_____, which bind to their respective receptors on the surfaces of other platelets, activating the platelets.
ADP ang THROMBOXANE
67
Fibrinogen forms bridges between the fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets, resulting in a platelet plug.
Platelet aggregation.
68
fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets forming a clot.
Coagulation
69
3 steps of clot formation (coagulation)
1. Prothrombinase production
2. Thrombin production
3. fibrin production
70
A series of reactions results in which each clotting factor activates the next until the clotting factor______ ), or prothrombin activator, is formed.
prothrombinase production;prothrombinase
71
Prothrombinase converts an inactive clotting factor called _____ to its active form, _____
prothrombin (proh-THROM-bin) to its active form, thrombin (THROM-bin).
72
Thrombin converts the plasma protein ______ to___.
Thrombin converts the plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin.
73
transfer of blood or blood components
from one individual to another
Transfusion
74
– introduction of a fluid other than blood, such
as saline or glucose solution, into the blood.
Infusion
75
– protein that a surface of each red blood cell
carries.
Antigen
76
the blood plasma carries antibodies against
the antigens of the other blood types.
Antibodies
77
clumping or rupture of blood cells
and clotting within blood vessels.
Transfusion reaction
78
Transfusion reaction is Caused by interactions
by antigens and antibodies that can result into:
* Agglutination
* Hemolysis
79
clumping of blood cells
Agglutination
80
rupture of the blood cells
Hemolysis
81
Red blood cells with type A surface antigens and plasma with anti-B antibodies
Type A
82
Red blood cells with type B surface antigens and plasma with anti-A antibodies
Type B
83
Red blood cells with both type A and B surface antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B plasma antibodies
Type AB
84
Red blood cells with neither type A nor B surface antigens but both anti-A and anti-B plasma antibodies
Type O
85
System used to categorize human blood.
ABO Blood Group
86
the person who gives blood
Donor
87
the person who receives blood
Recipient
88
Responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn, which can occur when the fetus is Rh-positive and
the mother is Rh-negative
Rh Blood Group
89
Rh-positive blood has
Rh antigen
90
Rh-negative blood
does not (lacks specific antigen)
