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Anaphy > nervous system pt 2 > Flashcards

nervous system pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to
the periphery and transmitted to the CNS.

A

Reflexes

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2
Q

neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs.

A

Reflex Arc

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3
Q

is the basic functional unit of the nervous system because it it the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus yielding a response.

A

Reflex Arc

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4
Q

5 basic components of a relflex arc

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. interneuron
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector organ
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5
Q

Simple reflex arcs have only four
components because the reflex does not
involve __

A

interneurons

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6
Q

A ___ involves synapses
of two or more neurons.

A

polysynaptic reflex

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7
Q

is to remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus.

A

withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)

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8
Q

simplest reflex
also called patellar reflex, is a classic example of the stretch reflex involving the spinal cord.

A

Knee– Jerk Reflex

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9
Q

3.Sensory neurons will synapse ->
interneurons -> motor neurons.
(Polysynaptic)

A

Withdrawal reflex

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10
Q

Sensory neurons will synapse to the
motor neurons. (Monosynaptic)

A

Knee-jerk reflex

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11
Q

1.Activation of Pain Receptors

A

Withdrawal Reflex

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12
Q

1.Sensory receptors activation

A

Knee– Jerk Reflex

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13
Q

two or more neurons synapse with the same
postsynaptic neuron.

A

Converging Pathway

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14
Q

the axon from one neuron divides and synapses
with more than one other postsynaptic neuron

A

Diverging Pathway

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15
Q

Sensory functions (2)

A
  • Ascending Tracts
  • Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
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16
Q

3 ascending tracts

A
  1. spinothalmic
  2. dorsal column
  3. spinocerebellar
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17
Q

body position

A

proprioception

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18
Q

Pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations to the thalamus and on to the cerebral cortex

A

Spinothalamic

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19
Q

proprioception, touch, deep pressure, and vibration

A

Dorsal column

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20
Q

Propiroception to cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar

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21
Q

Ascending tracts project to specific regions of the cerebral cortex, called
____, where sensations are perceived.

A

primary sensory areas

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22
Q

or general sensory area, is
located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus.

A

primary somatic sensory cortex (primary somatosensory cortex)

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23
Q

primary sensory areas include the ____ in the occipital
lobe,

A

visual cortex

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24
Q

primary sensory areas include the ___ in the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex

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25
Q

primary sensory areas include the taste
area in the __.

A

insula

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26
Q

Cortical areas immediately adjacent to the primary sensory areas, called
____, are involved in the process of recognition.

A

association areas

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27
Q

Association areas (3)

A

auditory association areas, somatic sensory association area,
and visual association area.

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28
Q

is located in the posterior portion of the
frontal lobe, directly anterior to the central sulcus

A

primary motor cortex

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29
Q

is where motor functions are
organized before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex

A

premotor area

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30
Q

The motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the
anterior portion of the frontal lobes, called the

A

pre-frontal area.

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31
Q

motor areas in most anterior area to the posterior most (3)

A
  1. pre-frontal area
  2. premotor area
  3. primary motor cortex
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32
Q

Descending tracts project ____ from upper motor neurons in the
cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem;

A

directly

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33
Q

Descending tracts project from basal nuclei, the cerebellum, or the cerebral
cortex through the brainstem to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

A

indirectly

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34
Q

Direct descending tracts:

A
  1. lateral corticospinal
  2. Anterior corticospinal
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35
Q

Indirect Descending tracts (5)

A
  1. rubrospinal
  2. reticulospinal
  3. vestibulospinal
  4. tectospinal
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36
Q

Muscle tone and skilled movements, especially of hands

A

lateral corticospinal

37
Q

muscle tone and movement of trunk muscles

A

anterios corticospinal

38
Q

movement coordination

A

rubrospinal

39
Q

posture adjustment, especially during movement

A

reticulospinal

40
Q

posture and balance

A

vestibulospinal

41
Q

movement in response to visual reflexes

A

tectospinal

42
Q

include involuntary and voluntary movements.
* Upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex connect to lower motor
neurons in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei.

A

Somatic motor functions

43
Q

sensory functions (4)

A

⚬ Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
⚬ Descending Tracts
⚬ Basal Nuclei
⚬ Cerebellum

44
Q

help plan, organize, and coordinate motor movements and
posture.

A

Basal
Nuclei

45
Q

People with __exhibit increased muscle tone and
exaggerated, uncontrolled movements when at rest.

A

basal nuclei disorders

46
Q

is involved in balance, muscle tone, and muscle
coordination.

A

cerebellum

47
Q

Through its _____, the cerebellum compares the intended
action to what is occurring and modifies the action to eliminate
differences

A

comparator function

48
Q

If the cerebellum is __, muscle tone decreases and fine motor
movements become very clumsy.

A

damaged

49
Q

receives sensory input from and controls
muscular activity in the left half of the body

A

Right cerebral hemisphere

50
Q

receives sensory input from and controls
muscular activity in the right half of the body

A

Left cerebral hemisphere

51
Q

connection between two hemisphere.

A

Commissures

52
Q

The largest
commissure is the

A

corpus callosum.

53
Q

In most people, the speech area is located in the __

A

left cerebral cortex

54
Q

located in the parietal lobe.
Responsible for understanding speech

A

Sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area

55
Q

located in the frontal lobe. Responsible for
producing speech.

A

Motor (Broca’s) speech area

56
Q

absent
or defective speech or language comprehension

A

aphasia

57
Q

Different levels of
consciousness can be revealed
by different patterns of
___ in the brain

A

electrical activity

58
Q

a recording device
which records brain’s electrical
activity.

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

59
Q

EEG patterns can be detected as wavelike patterns known as

A

brain waves

60
Q

brain waves

awake, quiet resting state with eyes closed

A

alpha waves

61
Q

brain waves

intense mental activity

A

beta waves

62
Q

brain waves

deep sleep

A

delta waves

63
Q

brain waves

frustration

A

theta waves

64
Q

3 stages of memory

A
  1. working memory
  2. short-term memory
  3. long-term memory
65
Q

lasts only a few second to minutes

A

Working Memory

66
Q

can be retained for few minutes to few days

A

Short-term Memory

67
Q

can be retained permanently.

A

Long-term Memory

68
Q

long-term memory two (2) subdivisions:

A

*Declarative
*Procedural

69
Q

or explicit memory, involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, and places

A

declarative memory

70
Q

or reflexive memory, ionvolves the development of motor skills, such as riding a bicycle.

A

Procedural memory

71
Q

The olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical regions and nuclei of the
cerebrum and the diencephalon are grouped together under the title

A

limbic system.

72
Q

influences long-term declarative memory, emo- tions,
visceral responses to emotions, motivation, and mood.

A

limbic system

73
Q

The limbic system is connected to, and functionally associated with, the

A

hypothalamus.

74
Q

There are _ pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

75
Q

cranial nerves are categorized into (2)

A

Sensory and motor

76
Q

special senses, such as vision, and the more general senses,
such as touch and pain in the face

A

Sensory

77
Q

somatic motor and parasympathetic

A

Motor

78
Q

comprises motor neu- rons that carry action
potentials from the CNS to the periphery.

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

79
Q

In ANS, two neurons in series extend from the CNS to the effectors.

A

⚬ Pre-ganglionic neuron
⚬ Pos-ganglionic neuron

80
Q

Further, the ANS is composed of two divisions

A

⚬ Sympathetic Division
⚬ Parasympathetic division

81
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies lie in the thoracic and upper lumbar region of
the spinal cord.

A

Sympathetic Division

82
Q

Sympathetic Division

The ganglia is located near the

A

spinal cord.

83
Q

Postganglionic cell bodies are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia
or in collateral ganglia

A

Sympathetic Division

84
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies are associated with some of the cranial and
sacral nerves.

A

Parasympathetic Division

85
Q

Parasympathetic Division

The ganglia is located near the

A

effector organs

86
Q

Postganglionic cell bodies are located in the terminal ganglia, either
near or within target organs.

A

Parasympathetic Division

87
Q

Functions of the Sympathetic Division (3)

A
  • Responses to stressful situations
  • Fight or flight responses
  • Increases heart rate, respiratory rate, glucose, pupil dilation
88
Q

Functions of the Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Responses to relaxing situations
  • Rest and Digest
  • SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation and Digestion

Anaphy (12 decks)

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