1. spinothalmic 2. dorsal column 3. spinocerebellar

nervous system pt 2 Flashcards by kzeia enriquez

an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to
the periphery and transmitted to the CNS.

Reflexes

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neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs.

Reflex Arc

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is the basic functional unit of the nervous system because it it the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus yielding a response.

Reflex Arc

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5 basic components of a relflex arc

Sensory receptor
sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ

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Simple reflex arcs have only four
components because the reflex does not
involve __

interneurons

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A ___ involves synapses
of two or more neurons.

polysynaptic reflex

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is to remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus.

withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)

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simplest reflex
also called patellar reflex, is a classic example of the stretch reflex involving the spinal cord.

Knee– Jerk Reflex

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3.Sensory neurons will synapse ->
interneurons -> motor neurons.
(Polysynaptic)

Withdrawal reflex

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Sensory neurons will synapse to the
motor neurons. (Monosynaptic)

Knee-jerk reflex

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1.Activation of Pain Receptors

Withdrawal Reflex

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1.Sensory receptors activation

Knee– Jerk Reflex

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two or more neurons synapse with the same
postsynaptic neuron.

Converging Pathway

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the axon from one neuron divides and synapses
with more than one other postsynaptic neuron

Diverging Pathway

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Sensory functions (2)

Ascending Tracts
Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

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3 ascending tracts

spinothalmic
dorsal column
spinocerebellar

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body position

proprioception

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Pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations to the thalamus and on to the cerebral cortex

Spinothalamic

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proprioception, touch, deep pressure, and vibration

Dorsal column

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Propiroception to cerebellum

spinocerebellar

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Ascending tracts project to specific regions of the cerebral cortex, called
____, where sensations are perceived.

primary sensory areas

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or general sensory area, is
located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus.

primary somatic sensory cortex (primary somatosensory cortex)

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primary sensory areas include the ____ in the occipital
lobe,

visual cortex

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primary sensory areas include the ___ in the temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex

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primary sensory areas include the taste area in the __.

insula

Cortical areas immediately adjacent to the primary sensory areas, called ____, are involved in the process of recognition.

association areas

Association areas (3)

auditory association areas, somatic sensory association area, and visual association area.

is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe, directly anterior to the central sulcus

primary motor cortex

is where motor functions are organized before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex

premotor area

The motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, called the

pre-frontal area.

motor areas in most anterior area to the posterior most (3)

1. pre-frontal area 2. premotor area 3. primary motor cortex

Descending tracts project ____ from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem;

directly

Descending tracts project from basal nuclei, the cerebellum, or the cerebral cortex through the brainstem to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

indirectly

Direct descending tracts:

1. lateral corticospinal 2. Anterior corticospinal

Indirect Descending tracts (5)

1. rubrospinal 2. reticulospinal 3. vestibulospinal 4. tectospinal

Muscle tone and skilled movements, especially of hands

lateral corticospinal

muscle tone and movement of trunk muscles

anterios corticospinal

movement coordination

rubrospinal

posture adjustment, especially during movement

reticulospinal

posture and balance

vestibulospinal

movement in response to visual reflexes

tectospinal

include involuntary and voluntary movements. * Upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex connect to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei.

Somatic motor functions

sensory functions (4)

⚬ Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex ⚬ Descending Tracts ⚬ Basal Nuclei ⚬ Cerebellum

help plan, organize, and coordinate motor movements and posture.

Basal Nuclei

People with __exhibit increased muscle tone and exaggerated, uncontrolled movements when at rest.

basal nuclei disorders

is involved in balance, muscle tone, and muscle coordination.

cerebellum

Through its _____, the cerebellum compares the intended action to what is occurring and modifies the action to eliminate differences

comparator function

If the cerebellum is __, muscle tone decreases and fine motor movements become very clumsy.

damaged

receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the left half of the body

Right cerebral hemisphere

receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the right half of the body

Left cerebral hemisphere

connection between two hemisphere.

Commissures

The largest commissure is the

corpus callosum.

In most people, the speech area is located in the __

left cerebral cortex

located in the parietal lobe. Responsible for **understanding** speech

Sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area

located in the frontal lobe. Responsible for **producing** speech.

Motor (Broca’s) speech area

absent or defective speech or language comprehension

aphasia

Different levels of consciousness can be revealed by different patterns of ___ in the brain

electrical activity

a recording device which records brain’s electrical activity.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

EEG patterns can be detected as wavelike patterns known as

brain waves

# brain waves awake, quiet resting state with eyes closed

alpha waves

# brain waves intense mental activity

beta waves

# brain waves deep sleep

delta waves

# brain waves frustration

theta waves

3 stages of memory

1. working memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory

lasts only a few second to minutes

Working Memory

can be retained for few minutes to few days

Short-term Memory

can be retained permanently.

Long-term Memory

long-term memory two (2) subdivisions:

*Declarative *Procedural

or explicit memory, involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, and places

declarative memory

or reflexive memory, ionvolves the development of motor skills, such as riding a bicycle.

Procedural memory

The olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical regions and nuclei of the cerebrum and the diencephalon are grouped together under the title

limbic system.

influences long-term declarative memory, emo- tions, visceral responses to emotions, motivation, and mood.

limbic system

The limbic system is connected to, and functionally associated with, the

hypothalamus.

There are _ pairs of cranial nerves

cranial nerves are categorized into (2)

Sensory and motor

special senses, such as vision, and the more general senses, such as touch and pain in the face

Sensory

somatic motor and parasympathetic

Motor

comprises motor neu- rons that carry action potentials from the CNS to the periphery.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

In ANS, two neurons in series extend from the CNS to the effectors.

⚬ Pre-ganglionic neuron ⚬ Pos-ganglionic neuron

Further, the ANS is composed of two divisions

⚬ Sympathetic Division ⚬ Parasympathetic division

Preganglionic cell bodies lie in the **thoracic and upper lumbar region of the spinal cord**.

Sympathetic Division

# Sympathetic Division The ganglia is located near the

spinal cord.

Postganglionic cell bodies are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia or in collateral ganglia

Sympathetic Division

Preganglionic cell bodies are associated with some of the **cranial and sacral nerves.**

Parasympathetic Division

# Parasympathetic Division The ganglia is located near the

effector organs

Postganglionic cell bodies are located in the terminal ganglia, either near or within target organs.

Parasympathetic Division

Functions of the Sympathetic Division (3)

* Responses to stressful situations * Fight or flight responses * Increases heart rate, respiratory rate, glucose, pupil dilation

Functions of the Parasympathetic Division

* Responses to relaxing situations * Rest and Digest * SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation and Digestion