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Anaphy > Nervous System pt 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System pt 1 Flashcards

PPT part 1 + book

1
Q

is the primary control center for
coordinating all body activities

A

nervous system

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2
Q

the nervous system recieves? (3)

A

sensory input, processes information, and initiates
responses

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3
Q

Ensures homeostasis and supports complex mental activities

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

`

5 functions of the nervous system

A
  • receiving sensory input
  • Integration
  • motor output (controlling muscles and glands)
  • maintaining homeostasis
  • establishing and maintaining mental activity
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5
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

Collects data from internal and
external environments.

A

Sensory input

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6
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

Processes sensory information and makes
decisions.

A

Integration (integrating information)

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7
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

Commands muscles and glands in
response to processed data

A

motor output (controlling muscles and glands)

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8
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

Maintains a stable internal environment

A

Maintaining Homeostasis

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9
Q

Fuctions of the Nervous System

Enables thought, emotion, learning,
and memory

A

establishing and maintaining Mental activity

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10
Q

Information is transmitted to the brain and spinal cord via __?

A

sensory
neurons

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11
Q

detect stimuli (light, temperature, pain, etc.)

A

receptors

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12
Q

Integration - The nervous system ___ and ___ sensory input

A

interprets and integrates

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13
Q

Decision-making occurs at various levels, from reflexes to conscious
thought

A

integration

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14
Q

The nervous system sends signals to effectors (muscles/glands) for
response

A

Motor Output

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15
Q

Enables voluntary and involuntary movements

A

Motor output

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16
Q

The nervous system regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and
temperature.

A

Homeostasis

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17
Q

The nervous system works with the endocrine system to achieve

A

balance or homeostasis

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18
Q

The brain supports complex functions such as thinking, reasoning,
emotions, and memory.

A

Mental activity

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19
Q

Mental Activity
+ The brain supports complex functions such as thinking, reasoning,
emotions, and memory.
______ of neurons enable these processes.

A

Interconnected networks

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20
Q

The nervous system is divided into 2 parts:

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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21
Q

Composed of the brain and spinal cord,
responsible for data processing and
command initiation
Includes the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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22
Q

Includes all nerves outside the CNS, connecting it
to the body for sensory and motor function

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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23
Q

CNS in responsible for ? (2)

A

data processing and command initiation

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24
Q

PNS is responsible for ? (2)

A

sensory and motor functions

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25
Q

is the communicatio link between the CNS and various parts of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous system

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26
Q

PNS is divided into 2 parts:

A
  1. Sensory division (afferent)
  2. Motor division (efferent)
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27
Q

afferent means?

A

toward

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28
Q

efferent means?

A

away

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29
Q

Conducts impulses **from sensory receptors to
the CNS, **monitoring external and internal
conditions

A

Sensory division (afferent)

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30
Q

**The neurons that trransmit action potentials from the periphery to the CNS are called?

A

sensory neurons

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31
Q

Transmits signals from the CNS to effector organs, managing voluntary and involuntary
responses

A

Motor divison (efferent)

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32
Q

The neurons that transmit action potentials from the CNS toward the periphery are called?

A

motor neurons

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33
Q

effectors controlled by the motor division include? (2)

A

muscle tissue and glands

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34
Q

2 subdivisions of the motor division

A

Autonomic Nervous System
somatic Nervous System

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35
Q

Regulates** involuntary actions (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands) through sympathetic
“fight or flight” and parasympathetic “rest and
digest”** responses

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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36
Q

self-governing nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

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37
Q

bodily nervous system transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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38
Q

Specialized network in the digestive tract that can
function autonomously, though it also integrates
with the CNS

A

Enteric Nervous System

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39
Q

sympathetic division =

A

fight of flight

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40
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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41
Q

2 types of cells that make up the nervous system

A

neurons and glial cells

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42
Q
  • conduct electrical impulses for
    communication.
  • receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs
A

Neurons

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43
Q

a neuron has 3 parts

A

cell body, and two types of processes: dendrites, and axons

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44
Q

neuron structure

cell body (?)

A

soma

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45
Q

neuron structure

dendrites (?)

A

input

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46
Q

neuron structure

axon (?)

A

output

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47
Q

receive signals from other cells,

A

Dendrites

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48
Q

transmit impulses

A

axons

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49
Q

Junction where signals are passed
from one neuron to another

A

Synapse

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50
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. pseudo-unipolar
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51
Q

Many dendrites,
one axon (e.g., motor neurons).

A

Multipolar

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52
Q

One dendrite, one
axon (e.g., sensory neurons in
retina)

A

Bipolar

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53
Q

Single
projection divides into two
branches (common in sensory
neurons)

A

pseudo-unipolar

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54
Q

are short, often highly branching cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips.

A

dendrites

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55
Q

a single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body

A

axon

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56
Q

the area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body is caled the

A

axon hillock

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57
Q

glial cells or __

A

neuroglia

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58
Q

neuroglia means

A

nerve glue

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59
Q
  • supportive cells of the CNS and PNS
  • carry out different activities that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue
A

glial cells

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60
Q

CNS glial cells (3)

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
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61
Q
  • highly branched
  • provide structural support, Form blood
    brain barrier, support neurons,
    and regulate nutrient
    exchange
A

Astrocytes

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62
Q
  • Cells with processes that can surround several axons
  • Produce
    myelin sheaths for CNS axons.
A

Oligodendrocytes

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63
Q

*

  • small mobile cells
  • Act as immune
    cells within the CNS, removing
    debris and pathogens
A

Microglia

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64
Q

Provide structural support; regulate neuronal signaling; contribute to blood-brain barrier; help with neural tissue repair

A

Astrocytes

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65
Q

Protect CNS from infection; become phagocytic in response to inflammation

A

Microglia

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66
Q

Cell processes from myelin sheahs around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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67
Q

2 Glial Cells of the PNS

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. satelite cells
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68
Q

Form myelin
around PNS axons, aiding in signal
transmission

A

Schwann cells

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69
Q

Support neuron
cell bodies within ganglia,
regulating their environment

A

Satellite Cells

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70
Q
  • Single cells surrounding axons
  • Form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the PNS
A

Schwann cells

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71
Q
  • single cells surrounding cell bodies
  • suport neurons, providing nutrients; protect neurons from heavy-metal poisons
A

satelite cells

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72
Q

permeability barrier between the blood and CNS

A

blood-brain barrier

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73
Q

insulates axons, enhancing transmission speed of impulses

A

Myelin Sheaths

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74
Q

Produced by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

Myelin Sheaths

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75
Q

Gaps in myelin where action potentials regenerate
to speed up conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

76
Q

wrap around axons in the CNS and PNS

A

oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)

77
Q

axons with myelin sheaths are called?

A

Myelinated axons

78
Q

__ axons lack the myelin sheaths

A

unmyelinated

79
Q
  • Essential for neuron readiness to transmit signals.
  • Maintained by selective permeability to K+ and Na+ ions
A

Resting Membrane Potential

80
Q

Resting potential is maintained by ____ pumps, creating a
___ charge inside the cell

A

sodium-potassium pumps; 70mV charge

81
Q

2 basic types of ion channels

A
  • leak channels
  • gated channels
82
Q

the inside of most cell membranes is _ charged

A

negatively charged

83
Q

the outside of the cell membrane is _ charged

A

positively charged

84
Q

_ channels are always open

A

leak channels

85
Q

_ channels are closed until opened by specific signals

A

gated channels

86
Q

Essential for rapid and coordinated signal transmission along neurons

A

Action Potential Mechanism

87
Q

Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ influx and membrane
potential becomes positive.

A

Depolarization

88
Q

K+ channels open, K+ exits, restoring negative charge.

A

Repolarization

89
Q

release
neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between
neurons

A

Chemical synapses

90
Q

allow direct ion flow
between cells for fast communication

A

Electrical synapses

91
Q

involves
neurotransmitter release, receptor
activation, and potential continuation of the
signal.

A

Synaptic transmission

92
Q

3 major components of a synapse

A
  1. presynaptic terminal
  2. postsynaptic terminal
  3. synaptic cleft
93
Q

end of the axon forms a

A

presynaptic terminal

94
Q

membrane of the dendrite or effector cell is the

A

postsynaptic membrane

95
Q

space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is the

A

synaptic cleft

96
Q

At most of the synapses in the body, communication between the neuron and its target occurs through?

A

chemical signals

97
Q
A
98
Q

Chemical substances called __ act as these chemical signals

A

neurotransmitters

99
Q

neurotransmitters are stored in __ in the __ terminal

A

synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal

100
Q

Extends from the brainstem to the lumbar
region, protected by vertebrae.

A

Spinal Cord

101
Q

Functions in transmitting information
between body and brain

A

Spinal Cord

102
Q

The spinal cord Controls reflex actions through ___

A

local circuitry

103
Q

The spinal nerves exiting from the inferior part of the spinal cord resemble a horse’s tail and are collectively called the

A

cauda equina

104
Q

A cross section of the spinal cord consists of a _____ portion and a _______ portion

A
  • superficial white matter portion
  • deep gray matter portion
105
Q

consist of myelinated axons

A

white matter

106
Q

mainly a collection of neuron cell bodies

A

gray matter

107
Q

The white matter consists of (3)

A
  1. ventral column
  2. lateral column
  3. dorsal column
108
Q

gray matter consists of (3)

A
  1. ventral horn
  2. lateral horn
  3. dorsal horn
109
Q

Nerve roots continuing from spinal cord end below L2, innervating lower
body

A

Cauda Equina

110
Q
  • Facilitates control over lower limbs and pelvic organs.
  • Important in diagnosing conditions like _____ syndrome
A

cauda equina

111
Q

is the central organ in the
central nervous system, housed
within the skull

A

Brain

112
Q

Brain is divided into four main regions:

A

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon,
and cerebrum

113
Q

__ pairs of spinal nerves connect the CNS to the body

A

31

114
Q

Spinal nerves contain both

A

sensory and motor fibers

115
Q

Located at the base of the brain, connecting it to
the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

116
Q

3 sections fo the Brainstem

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
117
Q

Extends from the spinal
cord, with a role in basic reflexive control

A

Medulla Oblongata

118
Q

Contains ascending and descending
tracts that carry sensory and motor
signals

A

Medulla Oblongata

119
Q

Has various nuclei visible under
microscopic examination that are
responsible for reflex actions

A

Medulla Oblongata

120
Q

Positioned just above the spinal cord
within the brainstem

A

Medulla Oblongata

121
Q

Positioned between the medulla and
midbrain, appearing as a rounded
bulge

A

Pons

122
Q

Composed of nerve fiber tracts that
bridge the cerebellum with the
brainstem.

A

Pons

123
Q

Contains nerve tracts running
longitudinally and transversely

A

Pons

124
Q
  • Located above the pons, it’s the
    smallest region of the brainstem.
  • Contains important neural tracts
    linking the cerebrum and spinal cord
A

Midbrain

125
Q

Contains structures such as the
____ and ____ that
contribute to visual and auditory
processing pathways.

A

tectum and tegmentum

126
Q

Contains important neural tracts linking the cerebrum and spinal cord

A

Midbrain

126
Q

Situated posterior to the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobes of the
cerebrum.

A

Cerebellum

127
Q

The dorsal part of the midbrain consists of 4 mounds of tissue called the?

A

Colliculi

128
Q

The two – colliculi are major relay centers for the auditory nerve pathways in the CNS.

A

inferior

129
Q

The two – colliculi are involved in visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input.

A

Superior

130
Q

The cerebellum, is attached to the brain stem by several large connections called?

A

Cerebullar peduncles

131
Q

Characterized by its highly folded surface, called___, which increases
surface area.

A

cerebellum, folia

132
Q

The cerebellum is composed of two hemispheres connected by the - - with a cortex of gray matter.

A

Vermis

133
Q

Located centrally, just above the brainstem,
enclosed by the cerebrum.

A

Diancephalon

134
Q

diencephalon consists of (3).

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
135
Q

Egg-shaped masses forming lateral walls of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

136
Q

Small, cone -shaped region below the thalamus

A

Hypothalamus

137
Q

Thin posterior structure housing the pineal gland.

A

Epithalamus

138
Q

Largest part of the diancephalon

A

Thalamus

139
Q

The lateral parts of the thalamus are connected in the center by a small?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

140
Q

Situated below the thalamus, forms the floor of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

141
Q

Largest brain region occupying most of the cranial cavity.

A

Cerebrum

142
Q

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres connected by the ?

A

corpus callosum

143
Q

winkled outer layer of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

144
Q

rich in neuron cell bodies (gray matter)

A

cerebral cortex

145
Q

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres by the?

A

longitudinal fissure

146
Q

elevated ridges, increasing surface area

A

Gyri

147
Q

Shallow grooves separating gyri

A

sulci

148
Q

Deeper grooves, such as the longitudinal fissure which divides the two hemispheres

A

Fissures

149
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
150
Q

Manages voluntary movement, reasoning, problem solving, and personality.

A

frontal lobe

151
Q

Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain

A

Parietal lobe

152
Q

The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the?

A

central sulcus

153
Q

Dedicated to visual processing and interpretation

A

occipital lobe

154
Q

Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory

A

temporal lobe

155
Q

Most of the femoral lobe is separated from the rest of the cerebrum by the?

A

Lateral fissure

156
Q

Deep within the lateral fissure is the ___ often referred to as the fifth lobe, which is involved in the perception of taste.

A

insula

157
Q

anterior and posterior portions of the temporal lobe is called the ___ with functions such as abstract thought and judgement.

A

psychic cortex

158
Q

are three protective
layers surrounding the brain and
spinal cord

A

Meninges

159
Q

3 meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
160
Q

These layers are situated between
the skull and brain, providing a
supportive framework

A

Meninges

161
Q

The outermost layer, is dense and tough, providing a durable
protective covering.

A

Dura Mater

162
Q

2 layers of the dura mater

A
  1. periosteal layer
  2. meningeal layer
163
Q

layer of the dura mater that is attached to the skull

A

periosteal layer

164
Q

layer of the dura mater that is closer to the brain

A

meningeal layer

165
Q

The meningeal layer extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
___ between the hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

166
Q

is the middle meningeal layer, lying below the dura
mater.

A

Arachnoid mater

167
Q

space between dura mater and vertebrae

A

epidural space

168
Q

Thin and web-like, it spans over the brain but doesn’t follow brain
contours closely.

A

Arachnoid Mater

169
Q

The subarachnoid space lies beneath the ____, containing web-like projections
and bridging veins

A

arachnoid mater

170
Q

The innermost meningeal layer, is thin and delicate, closely
adhering to the brain and spinal cord’s surface.

A

pia mater

171
Q
  • Follows the brain’s contours, dipping into sulci and fissures.
  • Rich in small blood vessels that supply the underlying neural tissue
A

Pia Mater

172
Q

space between dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

173
Q

space between arachnoid mater and the pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

174
Q

Fluid-filled cavities of the CNS

A

Brain Ventricles

175
Q

Two large C-shaped ventricles
located in each cerebral hemisphere

A

Lateral ventricles

176
Q

Narrow space in the
diencephalon, connected to lateral ventricles via the
foramen of Monro

A

Third ventricle

177
Q

lies between the brainstem and
cerebellum, connecting to the central canal of the
spinal cord.

A

Fourth ventricle

178
Q

connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle,
allowing CSF flow between these chambers.

A

cerebral aqueduct

179
Q

Extending from the fourth ventricle, the __ runs down the center of the spinal cord,
carrying CSF along its length

A

central canal

180
Q

Produce CSF

`

A

choroid plexus

181
Q

located in the ventricles and are composed of ependmal cells and blood vessels
that filter plasma to create CSF

A

choroid plexus

182
Q

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via the ____.

A

foramen of Monro

183
Q

CSF Moves from the third to the fourth ventricle through the ___

A

cerebral aqueduct

184
Q

From the fourth ventricle, CSF enters the subarachnoid space around the
brain and spinal cord via ___

A

lateral and median apertures

185
Q

CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream through
arachnoid granulations into the

A

dural venous sinuses

186
Q

The largest collection points are found in the ____,
which facilitates continuous CSF flow and renewal.

A

superior sagittal sinus

Anaphy (12 decks)

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