Skeletal System

Question 1

Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 1

Support
Storage of Minerals (Calcium)
Storage of lipids (Yellow Marrow)
Blood Cell Production (Red Marrow)
Protection
Leverage (Force of motion)

Question 2

Axial Skeleton

Answer 2

The Skull
The Vertebral Column
The Thoracic Cage

Question 3

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 3

The bones of the limbs
* Arm and Leg Bones
The Girdles
* Pectoral and Pelvic

Question 4

Bone Classification

Answer 4

Shape
Internal Tissues
Bone Markings

Question 5

Bone Shapes

Answer 5

1. Long Bones
2. Flat Bones
3. Irregular Bones
4. Short Bones
5. Based on Formation
   
   • Sesamoid bones
   • Wormian

Question 6

Long Bones

Answer 6

Are long and thin
Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

Question 7

Short Bones

Answer 7

Are small and thick
Ex. Ankle, Carpals

Question 8

Flat Bones

Answer 8

Are thin with parallel surfaces
Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula

Question 9

Irregular Bones

Answer 9

Have Complex shapes
Ex. Spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones

Question 10

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 10

Are small and flat
Develop inside tendons or ligaments near joints of knees, hands, and feet

Question 11

Wormian Bones

Answer 11

Are small, irregular bones. Function to fuse two other bones together.
Are found between the flat bones of the skull

Question 12

Long Bones

The Femur

Answer 12

Diaphysis - The Shaft
Epiphysis - Wide part at each end. Articulates with other bones
Metaphysis - Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Question 13

Diaphysis

Answer 13

A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called marrow cavity

Question 14

The Epiphysis

Answer 14

Mostly Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
Covered with compact bone (Cortex)

Question 15

Flat Bones

What the bone looks like inside

Answer 15

Resembles a sandwhich of spongy bone
Between 2 layers of compact bone

Question 16

Characteristics of Bone Tissue

Answer 16

Dense matrix, Containing deposits of calcium salts
Bone cells (Osteocytes) within lacunae organized around blood vessels

Question 17

Bone Tissue

Answer 17

Dense, supportive connective tissue
Contains specialized cells
Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
Around collagen fibers

Question 18

Canaliculi

Answer 18

Little grooves in the matrix
Form pathways for cell processes
Exchange nutrients and wastes

Question 19

Periosteum

Answer 19

Covers outer surfaces of bones
Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

Question 20

Osteon Haversion System

Answer 20

DRAW IT
The basic unit of mature compact bone
Osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae
Around a central canal containgin blood vessels

Question 21

Perpendicular to the central canal

Answer 21

Prependicular to the central canal
Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
Allow connection of osteons

Question 22

Cancellous (Spongy) Bone

Answer 22

Does not have osteons
The matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
Trabeculae have no blood vessels

Question 23

Red Marrow

Answer 23

The space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow:
Which has blood cessels
Forms red blood cells (Hematopoiesis)
and supplies nutrients to osteocytes

Question 24

Yellow Marrow

Answer 24

In some bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone marrow:
is yellow because it stores fat

Question 25

Bone Development

Answer 25

Human bones grow until about age 25 Osteogenisis - Bone Formation Ossification - The process of replacing other tissues with bone

Question 26

2 forms of bone growth

Answer 26

Endochondral Growth Appositional Growth

Question 27

Endochondral Growth

Answer 27

Bone grows in length

Question 28

Appositional Growth

Answer 28

Bone grows in width

Question 29

Epiphyseal Lines

Answer 29

When long bone stops growing, after puberty: Epiphyseald cartilage disappears (epiphyseal plate) In visible on X-Rays as an epiphyseal line

Question 30

Bone Remodeling Process

Answer 30

Draw it

Question 31

Effects of exercise on Bone

Answer 31

Meneral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress Heavily stressed bones becom thicker and stronger

Question 32

Bone Degeneration

Answer 32

Bone degenerates quickly Up to 1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity

Question 33

Fractures

Answer 33

Cracks or breaks in bones Caused by physical stress

Question 34

Types of Fractures

Answer 34

Pott's Fracture - Ankle and affects both bones of the leg Comminuted Fractures -Shatter into fragments Transverse Fractures - Break across its long axis Spiral Fractures - Twisting Stress spread along length of the bone Displaced Fractures - produce new and abnormal bone arrangements Colles' fracture - Break in the distal portion of the radius (Reaching out to catch a fall) Greenstick Fracture - Only one side is broked and the other is bent Epiphyseal Fractures - Breaks at the epiphyseal lines Compression Fractures - Occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses

Question 35

Age and Bones

Answer 35

Bones become thinner and weaker with age Osteopenia begins between ages 30 and 40 Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade, men 3%

Question 36

Effects of Bone Loss

Answer 36

The epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected: Resulting in fragile limbs Reduction in height Tooth Loss

Question 37

Osteoporosis

Answer 37

Sever bone loss Affects normal function Over age 45, occurs in: 29% of women 18% of men

Question 38

Hormones and Bone Loss

Answer 38

Estrogens and androgens help maintain bone mass Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause

Question 39

Cancer and Bone Loss

Answer 39

Cancerous tissues release osteoclast-activation factor: That stimulates osteoclasts And produces severe osteoporosis

Question 40

Classification of Joints

Answer 40

Synarthrosis - immoveable = sutures Amphiarthrosis - somewhat moveable = distal tibia-fibula, vertebral discs Diarthrosis (Synovial) - freely moveable = 6 Subtypes

Question 41

6 Synovial Joints

Answer 41

Gliding Hinge Pivot Ellipsoidal Saddle Ball-and-socket

Question 42

Gliding Joints

Answer 42

Flattened or slightly Curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial)

Question 43

Hinge Joints

Answer 43

Angular Motion in a single plane (Monaxial)

Question 44

Pivot Joints

Answer 44

Rotation only (Monaxial)

Question 45

Ellipsoidal Joints

Answer 45

Oval articular face within a depression Motion in 2 Planes (Biaxial)

Question 46

Saddle Joints

Answer 46

2 concave faces, straddled (biaxial)

Question 47

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Answer 47

Round articular face in a depression (Triaxial)

Question 48

Bone Remodelling Process

Answer 48

DRAW