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Anat & Phys > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

Support
Storage of Minerals (Calcium)
Storage of lipids (Yellow Marrow)
Blood Cell Production (Red Marrow)
Protection
Leverage (Force of motion)

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The Skull
The Vertebral Column
The Thoracic Cage

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

The bones of the limbs
* Arm and Leg Bones
The Girdles
* Pectoral and Pelvic

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4
Q

Bone Classification

A

Shape
Internal Tissues
Bone Markings

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5
Q

Bone Shapes

A
  1. Long Bones
  2. Flat Bones
  3. Irregular Bones
  4. Short Bones
  5. Based on Formation
    • Sesamoid bones
    • Wormian
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6
Q

Long Bones

A

Are long and thin
Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

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7
Q

Short Bones

A

Are small and thick
Ex. Ankle, Carpals

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8
Q

Flat Bones

A

Are thin with parallel surfaces
Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula

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9
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Have Complex shapes
Ex. Spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones

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10
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Are small and flat
Develop inside tendons or ligaments near joints of knees, hands, and feet

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11
Q

Wormian Bones

A

Are small, irregular bones. Function to fuse two other bones together.
Are found between the flat bones of the skull

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12
Q

Long Bones

The Femur

A

Diaphysis - The Shaft
Epiphysis - Wide part at each end. Articulates with other bones
Metaphysis - Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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13
Q

Diaphysis

A

A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called marrow cavity

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14
Q

The Epiphysis

A

Mostly Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
Covered with compact bone (Cortex)

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15
Q

Flat Bones

What the bone looks like inside

A

Resembles a sandwhich of spongy bone
Between 2 layers of compact bone

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16
Q

Characteristics of Bone Tissue

A

Dense matrix, Containing deposits of calcium salts
Bone cells (Osteocytes) within lacunae organized around blood vessels

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17
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Dense, supportive connective tissue
Contains specialized cells
Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
Around collagen fibers

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18
Q

Canaliculi

A

Little grooves in the matrix
Form pathways for cell processes
Exchange nutrients and wastes

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers outer surfaces of bones
Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

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20
Q

Osteon Haversion System

A

DRAW IT
The basic unit of mature compact bone
Osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae
Around a central canal containgin blood vessels

21
Q

Perpendicular to the central canal

A

Prependicular to the central canal
Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
Allow connection of osteons

22
Q

Cancellous (Spongy) Bone

A

Does not have osteons
The matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
Trabeculae have no blood vessels

23
Q

Red Marrow

A

The space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow:
Which has blood cessels
Forms red blood cells (Hematopoiesis)
and supplies nutrients to osteocytes

24
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

In some bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone marrow:
is yellow because it stores fat

25
Q

Bone Development

A

Human bones grow until about age 25
Osteogenisis - Bone Formation
Ossification - The process of replacing other tissues with bone

26
Q

2 forms of bone growth

A

Endochondral Growth
Appositional Growth

27
Q

Endochondral Growth

A

Bone grows in length

28
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Bone grows in width

29
Q

Epiphyseal Lines

A

When long bone stops growing, after puberty:
Epiphyseald cartilage disappears (epiphyseal plate)
In visible on X-Rays as an epiphyseal line

30
Q

Bone Remodeling Process

A

Draw it

31
Q

Effects of exercise on Bone

A

Meneral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress
Heavily stressed bones becom thicker and stronger

32
Q

Bone Degeneration

A

Bone degenerates quickly
Up to 1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity

33
Q

Fractures

A

Cracks or breaks in bones
Caused by physical stress

34
Q

Types of Fractures

A

Pott’s Fracture - Ankle and affects both bones of the leg
Comminuted Fractures -Shatter into fragments
Transverse Fractures - Break across its long axis
Spiral Fractures - Twisting Stress spread along length of the bone
Displaced Fractures - produce new and abnormal bone arrangements
Colles’ fracture - Break in the distal portion of the radius (Reaching out to catch a fall)
Greenstick Fracture - Only one side is broked and the other is bent
Epiphyseal Fractures - Breaks at the epiphyseal lines
Compression Fractures - Occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses

35
Q

Age and Bones

A

Bones become thinner and weaker with age
Osteopenia begins between ages 30 and 40
Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade, men 3%

36
Q

Effects of Bone Loss

A

The epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected:
Resulting in fragile limbs
Reduction in height
Tooth Loss

37
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Sever bone loss
Affects normal function
Over age 45, occurs in:
29% of women
18% of men

38
Q

Hormones and Bone Loss

A

Estrogens and androgens help maintain bone mass
Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause

39
Q

Cancer and Bone Loss

A

Cancerous tissues release osteoclast-activation factor:
That stimulates osteoclasts
And produces severe osteoporosis

40
Q

Classification of Joints

A

Synarthrosis - immoveable = sutures
Amphiarthrosis - somewhat moveable = distal tibia-fibula, vertebral discs
Diarthrosis (Synovial) - freely moveable = 6 Subtypes

41
Q

6 Synovial Joints

A

Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoidal
Saddle
Ball-and-socket

42
Q

Gliding Joints

A

Flattened or slightly Curved faces
Limited motion (nonaxial)

43
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Angular Motion in a single plane (Monaxial)

44
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Rotation only (Monaxial)

45
Q

Ellipsoidal Joints

A

Oval articular face within a depression
Motion in 2 Planes (Biaxial)

46
Q

Saddle Joints

A

2 concave faces, straddled (biaxial)

47
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joints

A

Round articular face in a depression (Triaxial)

48
Q

Bone Remodelling Process

A

DRAW

Anat & Phys (14 decks)

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