Nervous System Flashcards
4 Parts of the Brianstem
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Reticular Formation
Medulla Oblongata
Most Inferior Aspect
Continous with Spinal Cord
Pyramids (Anterior)
Responsible for
* Regulating Heart Rate
* Vasoconstriction/dialation
* Breathing
* Swallowing
* Vomiting
* Coughing
* Sneezing
* Balance and Coordination
Pons
Means Bridge
Anterior surface resembles a bridge
Bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
Regulates breathing, swallowing, and balance continuous from medulla oblongata
Also Controls chewing and Salivation
Midbrain
Contains Neural tracts to and from cerebrum and spinal cord
Corpora Quadrigemina
Superior Colliculi
Visual Relay Station
Inferior Colliculi
Auditory Relay station
Reticular Formation
Collection of Nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem
Responsible for conciousness and sleep wake cycle
Suppressed by generl anesthetics
Damage = Coma
Dienchepelon
Between Cerebrum and Brainstem
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Shaped Like a yo-yo
Two lobes connected by the intermediate mass
Sensory relay from spinal cord to cerebrum
Responsible for generalized pain
Epithalamus
Superior and posterior to thalamus
Contains Pineal body
* Endocrine Gland
* Integral in puberty onset
* Controls circadia rythyms with melatonin
* Name means “pinecone-shaped”
Hypothalamus
- Real Master Gland of the endocrine system
Therefore maintains homeostasis
Attached to pituitary by infundibulum - Controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst
- Pleasurable feelings and emotional responses
- Mamillary bodies are visible posterior
Nervous System Hierarchy
DRAW IT BITCH
12 Cranial Nerves
Name and Function
I - Olfactory - Smell
II - Optic - Sight
III - Oculomotor - 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles and pupil
IV - Trochlear - 1 of 6 eye muslce (Superior Oblique)
V - Trigeminal - Sensory to Face
VI - Abducens - 1 of 6 eye muscles (Lateral Rectus)
VII - Facial - Motor to facial muscles; taste, anterior 2/3 of tounge
VIII - Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) - Hearing and Balance
IX - Glossopharangyeal - motor and sensory to head and neck; taste posterior 1/3 of tounge
X - Vagus - Sensory to thorax and abdomen
XI - Accessory - Motr to pharynx, larynx, trapexius, and sternocleidomastoid
XII - Hypoglossal - Motor to tounge
White Matter
Myelinated Axons + Axonal Tracks
Gray Matter
Non-Myelinated Axons, Cell bodies, and naked neurons
Myelination
The insulated covering of an axon with schwann cells or Oligodendrocytes
The Meninges
Dura Mater (Tough Mother)
-Thicker, Strong connective tissue
-Sub-dural space (Filled with CSF)
Arachnoid Layer - Wispy, spiderweb like
-Sub-Arachnoid Layer (Filled with CSF)
Pia Mater (Affectionate Mother)
-Thin, Connective tissue layer touching brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Made by the choroid plexus in all four ventricles (Ependymal Cells) of the brain
Pathway of CSF
Lateral Ventricle → Interventricular Septum → 3rd ventricle → Cerebral Aqueduct → 4th Ventricle → Central Canal → Subdural Space → Subarachnoid Space → Arachnoid granulations → Blood Supply
Reflex Arc
DRAW
5 Types Of Neouroglia
Schwann Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Schwann Cells
Insulative covering of axons in the PNS (Many cells per axon)
Oligodendrocytes
Insulative covering of axons in the CNS (Many Axons per Cell)
Ependymal Cells
Compose the choroid plexus
Produce CSF
Microglia
Nourish neurons, remove waste, worn out cells, and debris
Astrocytes
Form the blood brain barrier
Initiation of an action potential
Draw the Graph
Membrane Potential
The electrochemical gradient that exists across a membrane
Resting membrane Potential
The electrochemical gradient that exists across the membrane of a neuron at rest (~72mV)
Threshold
The value of membrane potential that must be achieved to get the all-or-nothing response
Depolarization
When threshold is reached, voltage gated Na+ channels open and sodium ions rush into the cell flipping the membrane potential
Repolarization
Voltage gated K+ channels open at ~+50mV and pottasium ions rush out of cell due to electrochemical gradient, flipping membrane potential back
Hyperpolarization
K+ channels are slow to close and membran potential dips to ~95mV
Return to normal Chemical Gradients
Na+/K+ pumps actively move 3 Na+ out per 2 K+ in to reestablish RMP
3 Ways to stimulate a Neuron
Physically - Poke It
Chemically - Neurotransmitters
Electrically - Electric probe to depolarize
Saltatory Condution
Signal is boosted at nodes of ranvier, much faster and Effiecient
4 Types of Neurons
And their parts
DRAW
