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Anat & Phys > Digestive and Urinary Systems > Flashcards

Digestive and Urinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the Tube

A
  • Serosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
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2
Q

What is it Made of?

Serosa

A

Loose Connective Tissue (Superficial)

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3
Q

What is it Made of?

Muscularis Externa

A

2 Layers of smooth muscle (Longitudal and Circular)

Stomach has 3

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4
Q

What is it Made of?

Submucosa

A

Loose connective; contains blood, lymph, and nerves

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5
Q

What is it Made of?

Mucosa

A

Mostly Simple Columnar Epithelium

Secretes enzymes, mucus, and hormones
Absorbs Nutrients

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6
Q

Oral Cavity

A

From mouth to end of the soft palate

Mouth - The opening

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7
Q

Oropharynx

A

Uvula to tip of epiglottis

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8
Q

Esophagus

A

25 cm Long

Movement is by peristalsis

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9
Q

Peristalsis

A

Coordinated, sequential muscle contractions that move substances through a tube

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10
Q

2 types of digestion in the stomach

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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11
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physically smashing the food into smaller bits

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12
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Chemical Breakdown of food

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13
Q

3 Muscle layers of the stomach

A

Longitudinal, circular, and oblique

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14
Q

How does the stomach help with

Essential Life Function

A

Produces Intrinsic Factor

Needed for B12 absorbtion and Hematopoiesis

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15
Q

Rugae

A

Folds lining the inside of the stomach
Comprised of mucosa and submucosa layers
Allows for expansion and increased surface area

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16
Q

2 Waves of the stomach

A

Mixing and Peristaltic Waves

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17
Q

Mixing Waves

A

Begins contraction in middle of body and extends toward both opening with sphincters closed

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18
Q

Peristaltic Waves

A

Begin at cardiac sphincter and continue toward pyloric sphincter to push food out

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19
Q

Digestive Tract vs. G.I. Tract (Gastrointestinal Tract)

A

The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
The G.I. Tract begins at the stomach and ends at the anus

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20
Q

Small intestine

A

Primarily Absorbs Nutrients
Total length is about 6 meters

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21
Q

Three secitons of the small intestine

A

Duodenum - 25 cm
Jejunum - 2.5 m
Ileum - 3.5 m

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22
Q

Ileocecal Junction/Valve

A

Where the small intestine meets the large intestine

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23
Q

Large Intestine

A

Primary function is absorbtion of H2O
Total length is about 1.8 Meters

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24
Q

6 Parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum

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25
Q

3 Salivary Glands

A

Parotid Gland (Largest)
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland (Smallest)

26
Q

Parotid Glands

A

Largest of the Three
Anterior to the ear

27
Q

Submandibular Gland

A

Ducts open on either side of the frenulum

28
Q

Sublingual Glands

A

10-12 Small openings on the floor of oral cavity

29
Q

4 types of teeth

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

30
Q

Dental Formula

A

I.C.P.M 2.1.2.3
——- = ——-
I.C.P.M. 2.1.2.3

31
Q

Parts of a tooth

Superior to Inferior

A

Crown - Above Gum Line
Neck - At gum line
Root - below gum line

32
Q

Parts of tooth

Superficial to Deep

A

Enamel - hard outer covering
Dentin - bone-like layer under enamel
Pulp Cavity - houses nerves and blood vessels

33
Q

8 Enzymes of Digestion

A
  1. Salivary Amylase
  2. Pancreatic Amylase
  3. Intestinal Amylase
  4. Trypsin
  5. Pepsin
  6. Brush Border Enzymes
  7. Lipase
  8. Bile
34
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Salivary Amylase

A

Origin - Salivary Glands
Action Site - Oral Cavity/Esophagus
Action - Breaks Down Starch

35
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Origin - Pancreas
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Breaks Down Starch

36
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Intestinal Amylase

A

Origin - Small Intestine
Action Site - Small Intestine
Action - Breaks Down Starch

37
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Trypsin

A

Origin - Pancreas
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Breaks Down Protein

38
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Pepsin

A

Origin - Stomach
Action Site - Stomach
Action - Breaks Down proteins

39
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Brush Border Enzymes

A

Origin - Small intestines
Action Site - Small intestines
Action - Breaks down proteins

40
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Lipase

A

Origin - Pancreas
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Emulsify Fat

41
Q

Orgion, action site, and action

Bile

A

Origin - Liver (Gall Bladder)
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Emulsify Fat

42
Q

Pathway of Food

A

Mouth → Oral Cavity → Oropharynx → Esophagus → Cardiac Sphincter → Body of stomach → Pyloric Sphincter → Pyloris → Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum → Ileocecal Junction → Cecum → Ascending Colon → Transverse Colon → Descending Colon → Sigmoid Colon → Rectum → Internal Anal Sphincter → Anal Canal → External Anal Sphincter → Anus → Out

43
Q

Duct System to the Duodenum

A

DRAW IT BITCH

44
Q

Function of the Urinary System

A

Filtration -Occurs in Bowman’s Capsule
Secretion - Occurs Primarily in DCT
Reabsorbtion - Occurs Primarily in PCT

Urine Produciton is simply a byproduct of these three functions

45
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System

A

2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Bladder
1 Urethra

46
Q

What is the

Functional Unit of the Kidney

A

The Nephron

Roughly 1.24 Million per Kidney

47
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capilary Bed within the capsule

48
Q

Bowmans Capsule

A

Site of Filtration
All but blood and protein are forced into capsule
Need 55-60 mmHg to be funcitonal

49
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

Primary Site of Reabsorbtion
Mostly Passive Transport
65% of original filtrate is reabsorbed here

50
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Dips Into Renal Medulla
15% of original filtrate is reabsorbed here
passive transport - Ca2+, Mg2+
Active Transport - Na+, Cl-, K+

51
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Primary Site of Secretion
19% of original filtrate is reabsorbed here
Reabsorbtion of Na+, Ca2+, Cl- (Active transport)
ADH and Aldosterone act here

52
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

multiple Nephrons empty into collecting ducts
1% of original filtrate arrives here
1st called urine at this point
Empties into Calyces

53
Q

Pathway of Urea

A

Afferent Arteriole → Glomerulus → Bowmans Capsule → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct → Renal Calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → internal urinary sphincter → urethra → external urinary sphincter → urethra → out

54
Q

Micturation

A

The urge to void (Urinate)
First occurs at about 300ml
Bladder can hold an average of about 900ml

55
Q

Micturation Reflex

A

Parasympathetic reflex
Stretch receptor in bladder wall
Sends signal to brain
Involuntarily opens the internal urinary sphincter
Voluntary control of the external urinary sphincter

56
Q

Different Sets of teeth

A

Deciduous Teeth - 20
Permanent Teeth - 32

57
Q

Functions of Saliva

A

Help Lubricate the mouth and contents inside of it
contain dissolving chemicals that can stimulate the taste buds to provide sensory information
Initiate the digestion of complex carbohydrates

58
Q

Ureters

A

Pair of Muscular tubes conducting urine the the urinary bladder

59
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

Hollow muscular organ used for the temporary storage of urine

60
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that extends to the exterior of the body to void urine

61
Q

How are pH levels in the blood controlled by the kidneys

A

If pH declines carrier proteins pumps hydrogen into the fluid, and reabsorb bicarbonate ions
If pH increases the system secretes bicarbonate and reabsorbs hydrogen ions

Anat & Phys (14 decks)

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