Digestive and Urinary Systems Flashcards
Layers of the Tube
- Serosa
- Muscularis Externa
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
What is it Made of?
Serosa
Loose Connective Tissue (Superficial)
What is it Made of?
Muscularis Externa
2 Layers of smooth muscle (Longitudal and Circular)
Stomach has 3
What is it Made of?
Submucosa
Loose connective; contains blood, lymph, and nerves
What is it Made of?
Mucosa
Mostly Simple Columnar Epithelium
Secretes enzymes, mucus, and hormones
Absorbs Nutrients
Oral Cavity
From mouth to end of the soft palate
Mouth - The opening
Oropharynx
Uvula to tip of epiglottis
Esophagus
25 cm Long
Movement is by peristalsis
Peristalsis
Coordinated, sequential muscle contractions that move substances through a tube
2 types of digestion in the stomach
Mechanical and Chemical
Mechanical Digestion
Physically smashing the food into smaller bits
Chemical digestion
Chemical Breakdown of food
3 Muscle layers of the stomach
Longitudinal, circular, and oblique
How does the stomach help with
Essential Life Function
Produces Intrinsic Factor
Needed for B12 absorbtion and Hematopoiesis
Rugae
Folds lining the inside of the stomach
Comprised of mucosa and submucosa layers
Allows for expansion and increased surface area
2 Waves of the stomach
Mixing and Peristaltic Waves
Mixing Waves
Begins contraction in middle of body and extends toward both opening with sphincters closed
Peristaltic Waves
Begin at cardiac sphincter and continue toward pyloric sphincter to push food out
Digestive Tract vs. G.I. Tract (Gastrointestinal Tract)
The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
The G.I. Tract begins at the stomach and ends at the anus
Small intestine
Primarily Absorbs Nutrients
Total length is about 6 meters
Three secitons of the small intestine
Duodenum - 25 cm
Jejunum - 2.5 m
Ileum - 3.5 m
Ileocecal Junction/Valve
Where the small intestine meets the large intestine
Large Intestine
Primary function is absorbtion of H2O
Total length is about 1.8 Meters
6 Parts of the large intestine
Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
3 Salivary Glands
Parotid Gland (Largest)
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland (Smallest)
Parotid Glands
Largest of the Three
Anterior to the ear
Submandibular Gland
Ducts open on either side of the frenulum
Sublingual Glands
10-12 Small openings on the floor of oral cavity
4 types of teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Dental Formula
I.C.P.M 2.1.2.3
——- = ——-
I.C.P.M. 2.1.2.3
Parts of a tooth
Superior to Inferior
Crown - Above Gum Line
Neck - At gum line
Root - below gum line
Parts of tooth
Superficial to Deep
Enamel - hard outer covering
Dentin - bone-like layer under enamel
Pulp Cavity - houses nerves and blood vessels
8 Enzymes of Digestion
- Salivary Amylase
- Pancreatic Amylase
- Intestinal Amylase
- Trypsin
- Pepsin
- Brush Border Enzymes
- Lipase
- Bile
Orgion, action site, and action
Salivary Amylase
Origin - Salivary Glands
Action Site - Oral Cavity/Esophagus
Action - Breaks Down Starch
Orgion, action site, and action
Pancreatic Amylase
Origin - Pancreas
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Breaks Down Starch
Orgion, action site, and action
Intestinal Amylase
Origin - Small Intestine
Action Site - Small Intestine
Action - Breaks Down Starch
Orgion, action site, and action
Trypsin
Origin - Pancreas
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Breaks Down Protein
Orgion, action site, and action
Pepsin
Origin - Stomach
Action Site - Stomach
Action - Breaks Down proteins
Orgion, action site, and action
Brush Border Enzymes
Origin - Small intestines
Action Site - Small intestines
Action - Breaks down proteins
Orgion, action site, and action
Lipase
Origin - Pancreas
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Emulsify Fat
Orgion, action site, and action
Bile
Origin - Liver (Gall Bladder)
Action Site - Duodenum
Action - Emulsify Fat
Pathway of Food
Mouth → Oral Cavity → Oropharynx → Esophagus → Cardiac Sphincter → Body of stomach → Pyloric Sphincter → Pyloris → Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum → Ileocecal Junction → Cecum → Ascending Colon → Transverse Colon → Descending Colon → Sigmoid Colon → Rectum → Internal Anal Sphincter → Anal Canal → External Anal Sphincter → Anus → Out
Duct System to the Duodenum
DRAW IT BITCH
Function of the Urinary System
Filtration -Occurs in Bowman’s Capsule
Secretion - Occurs Primarily in DCT
Reabsorbtion - Occurs Primarily in PCT
Urine Produciton is simply a byproduct of these three functions
Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Bladder
1 Urethra
What is the
Functional Unit of the Kidney
The Nephron
Roughly 1.24 Million per Kidney
Glomerulus
Capilary Bed within the capsule
Bowmans Capsule
Site of Filtration
All but blood and protein are forced into capsule
Need 55-60 mmHg to be funcitonal
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Primary Site of Reabsorbtion
Mostly Passive Transport
65% of original filtrate is reabsorbed here
Loop of Henle
Dips Into Renal Medulla
15% of original filtrate is reabsorbed here
passive transport - Ca2+, Mg2+
Active Transport - Na+, Cl-, K+
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Primary Site of Secretion
19% of original filtrate is reabsorbed here
Reabsorbtion of Na+, Ca2+, Cl- (Active transport)
ADH and Aldosterone act here
Collecting Ducts
multiple Nephrons empty into collecting ducts
1% of original filtrate arrives here
1st called urine at this point
Empties into Calyces
Pathway of Urea
Afferent Arteriole → Glomerulus → Bowmans Capsule → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct → Renal Calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → internal urinary sphincter → urethra → external urinary sphincter → urethra → out
Micturation
The urge to void (Urinate)
First occurs at about 300ml
Bladder can hold an average of about 900ml
Micturation Reflex
Parasympathetic reflex
Stretch receptor in bladder wall
Sends signal to brain
Involuntarily opens the internal urinary sphincter
Voluntary control of the external urinary sphincter
Different Sets of teeth
Deciduous Teeth - 20
Permanent Teeth - 32
Functions of Saliva
Help Lubricate the mouth and contents inside of it
contain dissolving chemicals that can stimulate the taste buds to provide sensory information
Initiate the digestion of complex carbohydrates
Ureters
Pair of Muscular tubes conducting urine the the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
Hollow muscular organ used for the temporary storage of urine
Urethra
Tube that extends to the exterior of the body to void urine
How are pH levels in the blood controlled by the kidneys
If pH declines carrier proteins pumps hydrogen into the fluid, and reabsorb bicarbonate ions
If pH increases the system secretes bicarbonate and reabsorbs hydrogen ions