Blood, Heart, And Circulation

Question 1

What are the functions of blood

Answer 1

1. Transport Nutrients and Wastes
2. Prevents Blood Loss
3. Fights Infections
4. Regulates pH (Blood pH = 7.42 ± 0.05
5. Stabilization of Body Temperature

Question 2

What is blood composed of

Answer 2

Plasma (55%) and Formed Elements (45%)

Question 3

What is Plasma made of

Answer 3

90% Water, Nutrients, Gases, Hormones, Wastes, and Metabolites

Question 4

What are Formed Elements

Answer 4

Erthocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes

Question 5

What is hematopoiesis

Answer 5

Blood Cell production in Red Bone Marrow

Question 6

Sites of Hematopoiesis

Answer 6

Fetus - Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen, Thymus, and All Bone Marrow
Child - Skull, Sternum, Vertebrae, Ribs, Pelvis, and Long Bones
Adults - Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae, and Pelvis

Question 7

What are Erythrocytes

Answer 7

Red Blood Cells; Most Numerous

Question 8

5 Types of Leukocytes
(Never Let Monkies Eat Bananas)

Answer 8

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 9

What are Thrombocytes

Answer 9

Platelets

Question 10

Difference between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Answer 10

Granulocytes
-Leukocytes with a grainy appearance
-End With “-phil”

Agranulocytes
-Leukocytes without a grainy appearance
-End with “-cyte”

Question 11

Neutrophils

Answer 11

Granulocyte
1. Produced in 7-14 Days
2. Stay in circulation about 6 hours
3. Primary function is Phagocytosis
4. Production stimulated by Bacterial Infection and Trauma
5. 55-70% of WBC

Question 12

Lymphocytes

Answer 12

Agranulocyte
1. T Cells + B Cells
2. T Cells participate to Cellular Immune Reactions
3. B Cells participate in humoral immunity
4. Respond to chronic bacterial infections and Viral infections
5. 20-40% of WBC

Question 13

Monocytes

Answer 13

Agranulocyte
1. Phagocyte
2. Produced more rapidly and lasat longer in circulation compared to Neutrophils
3. 2-8% of WBC

Question 14

Eosinophil

Answer 14

Granulocyte
1. Involved in allergic reactions
2. Respond to parasitic infections
3. 1-4% WBC

Question 15

Basophils

Answer 15

Granulocyte
1. Involved in allergic reactions
2. Release heparin and histamines
3. 0.5-1% of WBC

Question 16

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 16

Circulation to Lungs and Back
-Oxygenates blood and dumps CO2

Question 17

Hepatic Portal System

Answer 17

Circulation to the Liver
-Detoxifies and Filters blood

Question 18

Circle of Willis

Answer 18

Specialized structure in brain to provide continued blood flow in case of a blackage or a rupture.

Question 19

Fetal Circulation

Answer 19

Circulation in a Fetus to bypass nonfunctioning lungs
Foramen Ovale - Shunts blood from R. to L. Atrium Becomes Foss Ovalis
Ductus Arteriosis - Shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta Becomes Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 20

Pathway of blood

Answer 20

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava ➜ R. Atrium ➜ Tricuspid Valve ➜ R. Ventricle ➜ Pulmonary Semilunar Valves ➜ Pulmonary Trunk ➜ R.+L. Pulmonary Arteries ➜ Lungs ➜ R. + L. Pulmonary Veins ➜ L. Atrium ➜ Bicuspid (Mitral) valve ➜ L. Ventricle ➜ Aortic Semilunar Valves ➜ Ascending aorta ➜ Aortic Arch ➜ Body ➜ Repeat

Question 21

Chordae Tendinae

Answer 21

“Heart Strings”
Hold cuspid flaps from allowing blood to flow back to aorta

Question 22

Auricles

Answer 22

Fat Pads on the outside of Atria

Question 23

Interventricular Septum
Interatrial Septum

Answer 23

Wall Between Ventricles
Wall Between Atria

Question 24

3 Tunicas of a Blood Vessel

Answer 24

Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia

Question 25

Tunica Interna

Answer 25

Composed of Endothelium (Squamous Cells)

Question 26

Tunica Media

Answer 26

Smooth Muscle Layer - Controls Blood Flow

Question 27

Tunica Adventitia

Answer 27

Composed of Fibrous Connective Tissue

Question 28

Structural Differences Between Arteries and Veins

Answer 28

Arteries
1. Thicker Tunica Media
2. No Backflaps

Veins
1. Thinner Tunica Media
2. Backflaps

Question 29

Blood Pressure

What over What

Answer 29

Pressure exerted on Arterial Wall during vetricular Distole

Question 30

How to Measure

Blood Pressure

Answer 30

Sphgmomanometer with a Stethoscope. Increase pressure until roughly 180. Release pressure until you hear blood rush back through (Top Number), as pressure continues to decrease you should be able to hear a pounding when this stops (Bottom Number).

Question 31

Agglutinogen

Answer 31

A surface antigen (protein) on the surface of RBC

Question 32

Agglutinin

Answer 32

Antibody in the Serum (Plasma)

Question 33

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

Answer 33

Occurs when recieving incompattible blood. Results in shortness of breath, shock, chills, fever, back pain, and abnormal bleeding.

Question 34

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Answer 34

Occurs when a pregnant mother has - blood and the fetus has + blood.
Mothers immune system will respond to new surface protein and attack the blood.

Question 35

ECG

Answer 35

Electrocardiogram
Electrical Readings of the heart

Question 36

P-Wave

Answer 36

Depolarization of the atria
(First small bump)

Question 37

QRS Complex

Answer 37

Depolarization of the ventricles
(Large spike and drop)

Question 38

T-Wave

Answer 38

Repolarization of the Atria
(Smaller Final Bump)

Question 39

P-Q Interval

Answer 39

Inferred Atrial Systole

Question 40

R-T Interval

Answer 40

Inferred Ventricular Systole

Question 41

Electrical Pathway of the Heart

Answer 41

SA Node ➜ Atrial Walls ➜ AV Node ➜ Bundle of His ➜ R. + L. Bundle Branches ➜ Purkinje Fibers ➜ Ventricular walls

Question 42

Three Layers of The Heart

Answer 42

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 43

Epicardium

Answer 43

Serous Pericardium
Helps reduce friction of the heart moving around

Question 44

Myocardium

Answer 44

Actual muscle layer

Question 45

Endocardium

Answer 45

Lines inner surface of heart, allows the blood to flow along the inner surface smoothly.