Blood, Heart, And Circulation Flashcards
What are the functions of blood
- Transport Nutrients and Wastes
- Prevents Blood Loss
- Fights Infections
- Regulates pH (Blood pH = 7.42 ± 0.05
- Stabilization of Body Temperature
What is blood composed of
Plasma (55%) and Formed Elements (45%)
What is Plasma made of
90% Water, Nutrients, Gases, Hormones, Wastes, and Metabolites
What are Formed Elements
Erthocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes
What is hematopoiesis
Blood Cell production in Red Bone Marrow
Sites of Hematopoiesis
Fetus - Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen, Thymus, and All Bone Marrow
Child - Skull, Sternum, Vertebrae, Ribs, Pelvis, and Long Bones
Adults - Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae, and Pelvis
What are Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells; Most Numerous
5 Types of Leukocytes
(Never Let Monkies Eat Bananas)
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
What are Thrombocytes
Platelets
Difference between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
-Leukocytes with a grainy appearance
-End With “-phil”
Agranulocytes
-Leukocytes without a grainy appearance
-End with “-cyte”
Neutrophils
Granulocyte
1. Produced in 7-14 Days
2. Stay in circulation about 6 hours
3. Primary function is Phagocytosis
4. Production stimulated by Bacterial Infection and Trauma
5. 55-70% of WBC
Lymphocytes
Agranulocyte
1. T Cells + B Cells
2. T Cells participate to Cellular Immune Reactions
3. B Cells participate in humoral immunity
4. Respond to chronic bacterial infections and Viral infections
5. 20-40% of WBC
Monocytes
Agranulocyte
1. Phagocyte
2. Produced more rapidly and lasat longer in circulation compared to Neutrophils
3. 2-8% of WBC
Eosinophil
Granulocyte
1. Involved in allergic reactions
2. Respond to parasitic infections
3. 1-4% WBC
Basophils
Granulocyte
1. Involved in allergic reactions
2. Release heparin and histamines
3. 0.5-1% of WBC
Pulmonary Circulation
Circulation to Lungs and Back
-Oxygenates blood and dumps CO2
Hepatic Portal System
Circulation to the Liver
-Detoxifies and Filters blood
Circle of Willis
Specialized structure in brain to provide continued blood flow in case of a blackage or a rupture.
Fetal Circulation
Circulation in a Fetus to bypass nonfunctioning lungs
Foramen Ovale - Shunts blood from R. to L. Atrium Becomes Foss Ovalis
Ductus Arteriosis - Shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta Becomes Ligamentum Arteriosum
Pathway of blood
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava ➜ R. Atrium ➜ Tricuspid Valve ➜ R. Ventricle ➜ Pulmonary Semilunar Valves ➜ Pulmonary Trunk ➜ R.+L. Pulmonary Arteries ➜ Lungs ➜ R. + L. Pulmonary Veins ➜ L. Atrium ➜ Bicuspid (Mitral) valve ➜ L. Ventricle ➜ Aortic Semilunar Valves ➜ Ascending aorta ➜ Aortic Arch ➜ Body ➜ Repeat
Chordae Tendinae
“Heart Strings”
Hold cuspid flaps from allowing blood to flow back to aorta
Auricles
Fat Pads on the outside of Atria
Interventricular Septum
Interatrial Septum
Wall Between Ventricles
Wall Between Atria
3 Tunicas of a Blood Vessel
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Interna
Composed of Endothelium (Squamous Cells)
Tunica Media
Smooth Muscle Layer - Controls Blood Flow
Tunica Adventitia
Composed of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Structural Differences Between Arteries and Veins
Arteries
1. Thicker Tunica Media
2. No Backflaps
Veins
1. Thinner Tunica Media
2. Backflaps
Blood Pressure
What over What
Pressure exerted on Arterial Wall during vetricular Distole
How to Measure
Blood Pressure
Sphgmomanometer with a Stethoscope. Increase pressure until roughly 180. Release pressure until you hear blood rush back through (Top Number), as pressure continues to decrease you should be able to hear a pounding when this stops (Bottom Number).
Agglutinogen
A surface antigen (protein) on the surface of RBC
Agglutinin
Antibody in the Serum (Plasma)
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
Occurs when recieving incompattible blood. Results in shortness of breath, shock, chills, fever, back pain, and abnormal bleeding.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Occurs when a pregnant mother has - blood and the fetus has + blood.
Mothers immune system will respond to new surface protein and attack the blood.
ECG
Electrocardiogram
Electrical Readings of the heart
P-Wave
Depolarization of the atria
(First small bump)
QRS Complex
Depolarization of the ventricles
(Large spike and drop)
T-Wave
Repolarization of the Atria
(Smaller Final Bump)
P-Q Interval
Inferred Atrial Systole
R-T Interval
Inferred Ventricular Systole
Electrical Pathway of the Heart
SA Node ➜ Atrial Walls ➜ AV Node ➜ Bundle of His ➜ R. + L. Bundle Branches ➜ Purkinje Fibers ➜ Ventricular walls
Three Layers of The Heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Serous Pericardium
Helps reduce friction of the heart moving around
Myocardium
Actual muscle layer
Endocardium
Lines inner surface of heart, allows the blood to flow along the inner surface smoothly.
