Reproductive

Question 1

Penis

Answer 1

3 Columns of erectile tissue
Blood filling these columns results in the erection
2 Columns = Corpora Cavernosa
Dorsal and Lateral
Column sorrounding urethra = Corpus Spongiosum (Ventral)
Cap is the “glans penis” comprised of corpus spongiosum
Penis + Glans Penis in particular aare loaded with sensory receptors

Question 2

Scrotum

Answer 2

Three layered Sac that contains the testes
(Epitheleal, Loose Connective, Smooth Muscle)
Divided into 2 compartments internally
Dartos Muscle - Smooth Muscle Layer
Shrinks size of scrotum when contracted
Creamaster Muscle - Extension of the abdominal Wall
Pulls testes closer to body when contracted

Question 3

Testes

Answer 3

Best @ 95° instead of 98.6°
Made mostly of seminiferous tubules
Each is ~700 ft. in length
FSH stimulates production of sperm on outside and sperm migrate internally during 2-3 week development cycle

Question 4

Leydig Cells

Answer 4

The interstitial Cells of the testicle
Produce testosterone for secondary sex characteristics, and growth and maturation of sperm
Stimulated by LH
(Formerly Known as I.C.S.H.)

Question 5

Sertoli Cells

Answer 5

Form blood/testes barrier
(Sperm Have Surface Antigens)
Support and Protect normal sperm
Eat and Digest defective Sperm
Control release of sperm into seminiferous tubules
Secrete Inhibin to regulate sperm production

Question 6

Epididymus

Answer 6

Sperm Finish maturing, get tails, and become fertile here
Stay up to 4 weeks before being removed
Lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and smooth muscle

Question 7

Vas Deferens

Answer 7

Lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Propels sperm to ejaculatory duct (Meets seminal vesicles) during ejaculation
Enclosed within the spermatic cord

Question 8

Seminal Vesicles

Answer 8

Secrete a high fructose solution
Comprises 60% total semen volume

Question 9

Prostate

Answer 9

Secretes Acidic solution to nourish and activate sperm
Comprises 30% total semen volume
Hypertrophy of the prostate is common in middle to older aged men

Constricts or Blocks Urethra
Makes Urination very Difficult

Question 10

Bulbourethral Glands

Answer 10

Produce a thick, clear mucus to clean out urethra prior to the entrance of semen
Neutralizes acid in urethra and Vagina
Provides Some Lubricaion
5% Total Semen

Question 11

Characteristics of Semen

Answer 11

2.5-5 ml per ejaculation is normal
pH = 7.2-7.6
50-150 million sperm per ml is normal
<25 million/ml is considered infertile

Question 12

Hormonal Control

Male Reproductive

Answer 12

LH - Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
FSH - Stimulate Sertoli Cells to produce sperm

Spermatogenisis - Only occurs in the prescence of testosterone

Question 13

Ovaries

Answer 13

Twice the size of an almond
Held in place by 3 ligaments
Broad, Ovary, + Suspensory
Produces Estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and Inhibin
Born with all oocytes they will ever have (~700,000)

Question 14

Fallopian Tubes

Answer 14

Roughly 13 cm long each (5 in.)
Transports egg from ovary to uterus
Fimembrane at ends create currents that gently sweep eggs into tube
Tubes are lined with cilia and mucus

Question 15

Egg Travels + Fertilization

Answer 15

Generally takes 7 days to reach uterus
Must be fertilized in upper 1/3 of fallopian tube during 24 hours after ovulation

Question 16

Ectopic Pregnancy

Answer 16

Implantation of fertilized eggs anywhere outside of uterus
Can be in the tubes, abdominal cavity, on ligaments, etc.
Can be very dangerous to mother

Question 17

Uterus

Answer 17

Hollow pear shaped organ
Composed of 3 regions
Fundus - Above fallopian tubes
Body - Main body of Uterus
Cervix - Base, wehre pap smears are taken

Question 18

Three Layers of the Uterus

Answer 18

Peirmetrium - Composed of connective tissue
Myometrium - Composed of smooth muscle
Endometrium - Shed every 28 days; secretes fluids to nourish zygote + sperm during fertilizaiton

Question 19

Vagina

Answer 19

Extends from uterus to outside body
Part of Cervix extends to vagina
Walls consist of outer muscular layer and mucus membrane internally
Can be stretched to accomodate penis during intercourse and during childbirth

Question 20

Vestibule

Answer 20

Space that the vagina and urethra open into

Question 21

Labia Minora

Answer 21

Thin skin folds that border vestibule (Unite ant. to form prepuce)

Question 22

Labia Majora

Answer 22

Prominant rounded skin folds lateral to labia minora (Unite ant. to form mons pubis over pubic symphysis)

Question 23

Clitoris

Answer 23

Small erectile Tissue located directly posterior to the prepuce
Highly infused with sensory receptors
Developmentally same structure as penis
Prepuce is developmentally similar to foreskin

Question 24

Follicle Development and Ovulation

Answer 24

Oocytes are sorrounded by granulosa cells
This Complex is called a follicle
FSH causes the development of follicle
Antrum - fluid-filled middle portion of the follicle
Ovulation - Release of the egg from the follicle
Corpus Luteum - Remaining cells of follicle (Releases Progesterone, some estrogen)

Question 25

Menstrual Cycle

Answer 25

Typically 28 days (18-40)
First day of bleeding is day 1

Question 26

Menses

Answer 26

Period of sloughing off endometrial layer

4-5 days long on average

Question 27

Proliferative Phase

Answer 27

End of menses to ovulation

Typically day 14

Question 28

Secretory Phase

Answer 28

Ovulation to begining of new menses

Question 29

Hormonal Control

Female

Answer 29

FSH - Stimulates follicle development (Increases Estrogen production of follicle )
LH - Stimulates development of the corpus luteum (Spike in LH causes ovulation)

FSH - Increases production of LH + FSH from anterior pituitary

Only positive feedback loop

Question 30

Hormones after ovulation

Answer 30

Corpus Luteum - Secretes progesterone which causes enlargement of endometrial cells (Progesterone levels responsible for maintaining endometrial layer of uterus
Secretes less estrogen
Estrogen and progesterone now inhibit FSH + LH

Question 31

Fertilization

Answer 31

Results in the developing placental tissue secreting HCG
Causes Corpus Luteum to be maintained for the first trimester
Corpus Luteum will secrete progesterone to maintain endometrium until placenta takes over 2nd trimester

Question 32

No Fertilization

Answer 32

Corpus Luteum drops levels of progesterone secretion
This causes endometrium to be sloughed off and a new cycle to begin

Question 33

Pathway of Sperm

Answer 33

Seminiferous Tubules → Epididymus → Vas Deferens → Seminal Vesicles → Ejaculatory Duct → Prostate Gland → Urethra → Bulbourethral Gland → Urethra → Out

Question 34

4 Types of Birth Control

Answer 34

Barrier - Condom, Tubal Ligation, Vasectomy
Hormonal - Pill, Shot, Implant
Chemical - Spermicide (Nonoxinal-9)
Natural - Rythym method, abstinence, withdrawl (Pull Out)