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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

conditions of adult cartilage

A

not innervated
high water content
surrounded by perichondrium
dense irregular connective tissue for blood supply

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2
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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3
Q

functions of bone

A

support
protect
movement
mineral storage
blood cell formation
triglyceride storage
hormone production

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4
Q

support function

A

framework that supports body

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5
Q

protection function

A

protective case for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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6
Q

movement function

A

anchors/levers for muscles

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7
Q

mineral storage function

A

reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphate) and growth factors

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8
Q

blood cell formation function

A

hematopoiesis in bone marrow

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9
Q

hormone production function

A

energy cycle and osteocalcin

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10
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebrae
rib cage

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11
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs
shoulders
hips

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12
Q

classification of bones by shape

A

long
flat
short
irregular

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13
Q

long bones

A

longer than wide

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14
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flattened, curved
sternum, scapula, skull, ribs

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15
Q

short bones

A

cube-shaped, wrist/ankle
sesamoid, inside tendons and joints

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16
Q

irregular bones

A

odd shapes
vertebrae
shape directly related to function

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17
Q

condyle

A

round prominence at end of bone

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18
Q

epicondyle

A

prominence on distal part of long bone

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19
Q

trochanter

A

protruberances which muscles attach or bones connect

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20
Q

tubercle

A

round nodule, small emience

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21
Q

tuberosity

A

rounded, long prominence

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22
Q

trochlea

A

grooved structure

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23
Q

fossa

A

depression or hollow

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24
Q

foramen

A

opening

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25
Q

meatus

A

external opening leading into body

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26
Q

compact bone

A

denser outer layer, smooth surface

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27
Q

spongy bone- diploe

A

inner honeycomb layer
trabeculae filled with red/yellow marrow

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28
Q

sandwich like structure

A

thin plates of spongy covering in compact bone
no defined marrow cavity
no diaphysis or epiphyses
covered by connective tissue layers

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29
Q

structure of flat, irregular, or short bones

A

sandwich like

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30
Q

structure of long bone

A

diaphysis and epiphyses

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31
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft of long part
exterior is compact bone with thin layer of spongy bone
interior is medullary cavity with yellow marrow

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32
Q

epiphysis

A

rounded expanded ends of long bones
exterior is compact bone
interior is spongy bone

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33
Q

epiphyseal line/plate

A

growth plate
separates diaphysis from epiphyses
adding length to long bones during childhood

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34
Q

bone membranes

A

periosteum
endosteum

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35
Q

periosteum

A

two layers
outer fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer with osteogenic stem cells
supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymph vessels
anchors collagen

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36
Q

endosteum

A

delicate layer covering internal bone surfaces
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
lines canals of compact bone
contains osteogenic stem cells

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37
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

red marrow
infants- medullary cavity of long bones and all areas of spongy bone
adults- in diploe of flat bones and head of femur and humerus

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38
Q

hemostatic help

A

yellow marrow can covert to red marrow under conditions of extreme anemia

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39
Q

4 types of bone cells

A

osteogenic cell
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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40
Q

osteogenic cell

A

bone stem cells- actively dividing cells
gives rise to osteoblasts and more progenitors

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41
Q

osteoblast

A

bone building cells
responsible for bone growth

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42
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cells
monitor and maintain bone matrix
in lacunae or lining bone surfaces

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43
Q

osteoclast

A

bone digesting cell
resorption

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44
Q

lamella

A

weight bearing columns
collagen in opposite directions to resist twisting

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45
Q

haversian/central canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves

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46
Q

volkmann’s canals

A

horizontal channels connecting medullary cavity to haversian canal and periosteum

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47
Q

osteon

A

haversian system
contain osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

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48
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities in bone containing osteocytes at lamella junctions

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49
Q

canaliculi

A

hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
same direction as volkmann’s canal

50
Q

spongy bone composition

A

trabeculae align along lines of stress
irregularly arranged lamella with osteocytes and canaliculi

51
Q

organic components - resist tension

A

bone cells
osteoid- unmineralized bone matrix
osteoblasts secrete proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
about 1/3 of bone matrix
allows bone to resist stretching and twisting

52
Q

sacrificial bonds

A

found between collagen
break and reform to prevent large scale fractures

53
Q

inorganic components- resist compression

A

mineral salts
65% of bone by mass
calcium phosphate crystals packed around collagen
responsible for bone hardness

54
Q

osteogenesis/ossification

A

formation of bony skeleton in embryos
bone growth until early adulthood
bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

55
Q

embryonic development

A

most of skeleton first formed is cartilage or fibrous membranes
cartilage can divide and multiple quickly to grow as rapidly as fetus does
gradually replaced by bone in third month

56
Q

when does bony skeleton formation occur

A

begins at week 8 of embryonic development

57
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone develops from fibrous membrane
forms flat, cranial bones of skull

58
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
forms all other bones of body

59
Q

stages of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. mesenchymal cells produce fibrous membrane
  2. ossification center appears with osteoblasts
  3. bone matrix is woven in between blood vessels
  4. spongy bone and outer periosteum form
  5. compact bone forms (lamellar)
  6. red marrow appears in spongy bone
60
Q

stages of endochondral ossification

A
  1. blood vessels infiltrate perichondrium converting it to periosteum- primary ossification center
  2. mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts
  3. formation of bone collar around diaphysis
  4. hyaline cartilage calcifies, matrix deteriorates, creates cavities as chondrocytes die
  5. invasion of internal cavities by periosteal bud, spongy bone formation by osteoclasts and osteoblasts
  6. formation of medullary cavity, elsewhere cartilage continues expanding
  7. at birth, secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
  8. spongy bone replaces cartilage of epiphyses
61
Q

where is the only place cartilage remains during endochondral ossification

A

epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage

62
Q

appositional bone growth

A

outside in
cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage
cells in periosteum
bones get thicker - strengthen area

63
Q

interstitial bone growth

A

inside out
lacunae bound cells divide and secrete new matrix
expand tissue from within
long bones lengthen

64
Q

two types of growth of bone/cartilage

A

appositional
interstitial

65
Q

when is most bone/cartilage development complete?

A

adolescence

66
Q

when does calcification of cartilage occur?

A

during normal bone growth
during old age

67
Q

four distinct zones for postnatal bone growth

A

proliferative/growth
hypertrophic
calcification
ossification

68
Q

proliferative/growth zone

A

chondrocytes divide
push epiphysis away from diaphysis

69
Q

quiescent

A

resting
cartilage closest to epiphysis

70
Q

transformation zones

A

hypertrophy- older chondrocytes enlarge
calcification- matrix becomes calcified, chondrocytes die

71
Q

ossification zone

A

new bone formation by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

72
Q

remodeling

A

resorption and deposition
as bone grows in length, remodeling maintains bone’s shape

73
Q

appositional growth in remodeling

A

for width
osteoblasts- add bone from periosteum
osteoclasts- resorb bone near surface of endosteum
overall effect- bone increases with width, bone doesn’t get too heavy

74
Q

epiphyseal plate closure

A

chondroblasts divide less often
plate becomes thinner
occurs at 18 in females, 21 in males

75
Q

hormones for bone growth in infancy and childhood

A

growth hormone
thyroid hormone

76
Q

hormones for bone growth at puberty

A

testosterone and estrogens
initially promotes growth spurts
causes masculinization and feminization of skeleton
later induces epiphyseal plate closure

77
Q

bone recycling

A

5-10% bone is recycled each year for calcium storage and release
spongy replaced every 3-4 years
compact replaced every 10 years
high stress areas remodeled more frequently

78
Q

bone deposition

A

occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed
through diet (proteins, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and enzymes (alkaline phosphatase for mineralization)

79
Q

alkaline phosphatase

A

adds more bone matrix for bone growth
too much leads to bone cancer

80
Q

bone resorption

A

osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid to release stored calcium to blood supply

81
Q

lysosomal enzymes

A

digest organic matrix

82
Q

roles of calcium

A

transmits nerve impulses
muscle contraction
blood coagulation
cell division
secretion by glands and nerve cells
intestine absorbs using vitamin D

83
Q

control remodeling

A

hormonal mechanisms- decides whether and when remodeling occurs
mechanical forces- decides where remodeling occurs

84
Q

one of hormonal mechanisms for control remodeling

A

maintain calcium homeostasis in blood
falling blood calcium level signal to parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium into blood

85
Q

second of hormonal mechanisms for control remodeling

A

rising blood calcium levels trigger thyroid to release calcitonin
stimulates calcium deposit and storage in bone
more pronounced in childhood

86
Q

mechanical forces on control remodeling

A

act on skeleton
wolff’s law
curved bones thickest where most likely to buckle
atrophy when not used
projections used for muscle attachment

87
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bones grow in strength in response to the forces placed upon them

88
Q

how can you tell which hand is dominant?

A

higher density in right arm because it is used more often
boney processes get more dense, not necessarily larger

89
Q

classification of bone fractures

A

position
degree
orientation
skin damage

90
Q

position of break

A

displaced- not lined up
non-displaced- stays lined up

91
Q

degree of break

A

complete- full break
incomplete- partial, crack

92
Q

orientation of break

A

linear- length of bone
transverse- across bone

93
Q

skin damage of break

A

compound- open, breaks skin
simple- closed, no break in skin

94
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone breaks into three or more pieces
shattered
common in elderly (brittle bones)

95
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged break when bone is severely twisted
common sports fracture

96
Q

depressed fracture

A

bone is pressed inward
for flat bones
typical of skull fractures

97
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed
typical of osteoporosis in vertebrae

98
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along plate
occur where cartilage cells are dying
important in children still growing

99
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fracture
one side of bone breaks and other side bends
common in children with flexible bones

100
Q

treatment of fractures

A

reduction- realignment of broken bone ends
immobilization- cast or traction

101
Q

stages of bone healing

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilanginous callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
102
Q

hematoma formation stage of bone healing

A

torn blood vessels hemorrhage, mass of clotted blood
cells without blood supply die off
pain, inflammation, swelling, and bruising

103
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus formation stage of bone healing

A

forms splint across fracture
blood vessels form
phagocytic cells clean debris
fibroblasts secrete collagen across break
chondroblasts secrete cartilage - replaces with bone

104
Q

bony callus formation stage of bone healing

A

osteoblasts form spongy bone
fibrocartilaginous callus converts to bony callus
continues similar to endochondral ossification

105
Q

bone remodeling stage of bone healing

A

excess material removed
new compact bone rebuilds shaft walls
several months (longer for elderly)

106
Q

treatments for damaged bones

A

electrical stimulation
ultrasound
fibular graft
VEGF
bone substitutes

107
Q

electrical stimulation

A

speeds healing after large fractures using wolff’s law

108
Q

ultrasound

A

reduces time to heal broken arms and shins

109
Q

fibular graft

A

improved way to graft bone in areas with severe damage
donor tissue from fibula

110
Q

VEGF

A

growth factor that increases blood supply

111
Q

bone substitutes

A

implanted at damage sites
natural coral or synthetic materials
coated with BMP (bone morphogenic protein)

112
Q

3D printed bones

A

perfectly designed to match patient
made of titanium powder, heated and fused by laser
includes passage of nerves and blood vessels

113
Q

osteomalacia

A

not enough calcium crystals mineralized into bone matrix
weakened bones
pain when weight is put on affected bone
insufficient calcium or vitamin D

114
Q

rickets

A

childhood forms of osteomalacia
softened weak bones
bowed legs and deforms pelvis, skull, rib cage
insufficient calcium or vitamin D

115
Q

osteoporosis

A

group of disease which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
light and porous bones
postmenopausal women

116
Q

osteoporosis prevention

A

good diet early in life
weight bearing exercise
no smoking
fewer carbonated drinks/alcohol
fluoride

117
Q

osteoporosis treatment

A

calcium and vitamin D supplements
weight bearing exercise
drugs that stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts
hormone replacement therapy (slows bone loss)

118
Q

paget’s disease

A

excessive bone formation and breakdown
spotty weakness in bone
overabundance of spongy bone relative to compact bone
localized to spine, femur, pelvis, and skull

119
Q

achondroplasia

A

form of genetic dwarfism
reduced cartilage formation reduces endochondral bone formation
mutation in gene important for cartilage changed to bone

120
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

insufficient collage deposition
bones become brittle and shatter easily

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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