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Anatomy and Physiology > Central Nervous System- Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Central Nervous System- Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

embryonic development

A
  1. neural plate forms from ectoderm
  2. plate invaginates to form neural groove and folds
  3. neural fold migrates to form neural crest
  4. neural groove becomes neural tube
  5. neural tube will form neural structures day 22
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3
Q

week 5 of embryonic development

A

two major flexures form and cause telencephalon and dienccephalon to angle toward brain stem

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4
Q

week 13 of embryonic development

A

cerebral hemispheres develop and grow posterolaterally to enclose diencephalon and rostral brain stem

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5
Q

week 26 of embryonic development

A

growing cerebral hemispheres begin to crease

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6
Q

birth of development

A

brain has developed an adult structure

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7
Q

defects of developing fetus caused by?

A

maternal exposure to teratogens
genetic mutations

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8
Q

types of defects in embryonic development

A

anencephaly
cerebral palsy
spina bifida

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9
Q

anencephaly

A

neural folds fail to fuse (no tube)
cerebrum never develops
fatal

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10
Q

cerebral palsy

A

infection, damage, or lack of oxygen to fetus causes brain damage
poor control of muscles, seizures, mental disability, deafness
3:1000 births

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11
Q

spina bifida

A

incomplete closure of neural tube because lamina/spinous process is missing from vertebrae
folic acid deficiency

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12
Q

where does spinal cord develop from?

A

posterior neural tube

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13
Q

basal plate

A

gives rise to ventral motor neurons
axons to synapses in muscles

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14
Q

alar plate

A

gives rise to dorsal interneurons
connection with dorsal root ganglia

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15
Q

neural crest cells

A

find and form dorsal root ganglion
axons that bring in sensory infromation

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16
Q

what does tube becomes in brain?

A

central canal and ventricles

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17
Q

ventricles

A

hollow chambers filled with CSF
continuous with one another and central canal of spinal cord
connected to subarachnoid space

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18
Q

ependymal cells

A

line cavities and ventricles to circulate CSF

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19
Q

types of ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle in diencephalon
4th ventricle in hindbrain
central canal in spinal cord

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20
Q

functions of CSF

A

buoyancy to CNS organs -97% weight reduction
protects CNS from trauma/blows
nourishes brain
carries chemical signals

21
Q

composition of CSF

A

watery solution
more specialized extracellular fluid
less proteins
different ionic concentration than plasma
150 mL replaced every 8 hours

22
Q

choroid plexuses

A

produces CSF at constant rate
cluster of capillaries enclosed by pia mater and ependymal cells
ependymal cells use ion pumps to control composition of CSF, remove wastes and help cleanse CSF
tight junctions

23
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

helps maintain stable envirnment for brain
tight junctions between capillary endothelia cells
astrocyte feet
separates neurons from some bloodborne substances

24
Q

function of blood brain barrier

A
  • selective barrier
  • allow glucose, essential amino acids with facilitated diffusion
  • toxins, wastes, and certain drugs excluded
  • fat soluble substances can pass (O2, CO2, fats, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics)
25
Q

two areas where blood brain barrier is absent

A

vomiting center
hypothalamus

26
Q

3 meninges covering CNS

A

dura mater
arachonoid mater
pia mater

27
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from foramen magnum to 1st/2nd lumbar vertebrae
two way communication with brain
reflex center
protected by bones, meninges, CSF

28
Q

epidural space

A

fatty tissue between vertebrae and dura mater
anesthetic injected or CSF taken out

29
Q

dorsal half of spinal cord

A

sensory roots and ganglia

30
Q

ventral half of spinal cord

A

motor root

31
Q

how many spinal nerves are present on spinal cord

A

31 pairs

32
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies of neurons
located on internal part of spinal cord

33
Q

dorsal horn

A

interneurons

34
Q

ventral horn

A

somatic motor neuron cell bodies
axons form from ventral root

35
Q

largest ventral horns

A

cervical and lumbar
more muscles to control in this area

36
Q

lateral horn

A

autonomic motor neurons for visceral organs
sends axons out ventral root

37
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of dorsal root bringing sensory information in afferent nerves

38
Q

spinal nerve

A

fusion of dorsal and ventral roots

39
Q

paresthesia- loss of sensation or abnormal sensations, where is injury?

A

dorsal root
regulates sensory information

40
Q

paralysis- loss of motor function, where is injury?

A

ventral root
regulates motor neurons for somatic system

41
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

severe damage to ventral root or ventral horn cells
impulses do not reach muscles, no voluntary/involuntary control
muscle atrophy

42
Q

spastic paralysis

A

upper motor neurons of primary cortex are damaged but spinal motor neurons remain intact
muscles not subject to voluntary control but remain healthy longer
neurons in brain damaged

43
Q

transection

A

cross sectioning of spinal cord
total motor and sensory loss inferior to cut

44
Q

paraplegia

A

transection between T1 and L1
lose leg control

45
Q

quadriplegia

A

transection in cervical region
lose control of arms and legs

46
Q

spinal shock

A

transient loss of function following an injury
all reflex activity caudal to lesion is depressed
function can return 2-48 hours after injury

47
Q

poliomyelitis

A

destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus
muscle atrophy
death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles

48
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS

A

lou gehrig’s disease
progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract
loss of ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
5 years then death
glutamate excitotoxicity or attack of immune system

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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