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Anatomy and Physiology > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

PNS

A

all neural structures outside of brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

parts of PNS

A

sensory receptors
peripheral nerves
ganglia
motor endings

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3
Q

goal of PNS

A

provides links to and from external environment

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4
Q

classification of nerves

A

somatic- voluntary
visceral- autonomic
sensory- afferent (ascending)
motor- efferent (descending)

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5
Q

groups of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglia

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6
Q

groups of cell bodies in CNS

A

nuclei

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7
Q

what prohibits CNS axon regeneration?

A

oligodendrocytes have growth inhibiting proteins and astrocytes form scar tissue

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8
Q

regeneration of PNS nerves

A

if soma of peripheral nerve is intact, axon will regenerate, but might not function as well

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9
Q

cells involved with regerenation?

A

macrophages- remove debris
schwann cells- form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
axons- regenerate damaged part

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10
Q

cranial nerves

A

12
originate in brain

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11
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
originate in spinal cord
mixed nerves (both sensory and motor functions)

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12
Q

how are cranial nerves identified?

A

by Roman numeral and name
combination of only motor, only sensory, or both

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13
Q

I olfactory nerve

A

receptor cells in nasal cavity
through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
pathway leads to primary olfactory cortex
sensory - sense of smell

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14
Q

II optic nerve

A

from retina
pass through optic canal and converge/cross over at optic chiasma
synapse in thalamus, then to visual cortex
sensory- sense of sight

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15
Q

III oculomotor nerve

A

fibers control extrinsic eye muscles
raise eyelid, direct eyeball up, down, or inward
constrict iris
control lens shape
motor

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16
Q

IV trochlear nerve

A

motor nerve that directs eyeball inferolaterally

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17
Q

V trigeminal nerve

A

3 branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandinular
both
sensory- impulses from areas of face
motor- chewing muscles

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18
Q

VI abducens nerve

A

motor function of lateral rectus muscle
abduct eye, move laterally

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19
Q

VII facial nerves

A

from pons through internal acoustic meatus to face
5 branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
both
motor- voluntary facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands
sensory- taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

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20
Q

VIII vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance
sensory

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21
Q

IX glossopharngeal nerve

A

both
motor- tongue and pharynx for swallowing
sensory- taste and sensory impulses of posterior tongue, impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

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22
Q

X vagus nerve

A

only cranial nerve that extends beyond head and neck
both
motor- skeletal muscles, regulate heart, lungs, various abdominal viscera (digestion)
sensory- impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and taste buds

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23
Q

XI accessory nerves

A

ventral rootlets from cervical spinal cord
motor- trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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24
Q

XII hypoglossal nerve

A

motor- extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue for swallowing and speech

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25
Q

ventral roots

A

motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn
innervate skeletal muscles

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26
Q

dorsal roots

A

sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia
conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

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27
Q

dorsal ramus

A

supply back

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28
Q

ventral ramus

A

supply thorax, abdomen, and limbs
form plexuses

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29
Q

plexus

A

interlacing nerve networks

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30
Q

meningeal branch

A

innervate meninges

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31
Q

innervation

A

more than one spinal nerve supplies a muscle in many parts of body
nerve connecting to muscle also connects to the joint and skin above joint

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32
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by a cutaneous branch of single spinal nerve
all nerves beside C1 participate in dermatomes
overlap (destruction of one spinal nerve wont cause complete numbness)

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33
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized structures that respond to stimuli
sensation and perception

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34
Q

sensation

A

the awareness of changes in internal and external environment

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35
Q

perception

A

the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

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36
Q

classification of PNS receptors

A

stimulus type
location
structural complexity

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37
Q

5 types of stimulus receptors

A

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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38
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
Merkel cells in epidermis
hair follicle receptors

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39
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature
cold- 10-40 C superficial dermis
heat 32-48 C deep

40
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to painful and irritating stimuli
pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, temperature outside of thermoreceptor range, chili peppers

41
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy

42
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals: odors, tastes, changes in blood chemistry
activated by histamine

43
Q

3 types of location receptors

A

exteroceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors

44
Q

exteroceptors

A

respond to stimuli outside of body
in skin for touch, pressure, pain and temperature
most special sense organs

45
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to stimuli from internal viscera and blood vessels
sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes

46
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
inform brain of one’s movements (position of body)

47
Q

2 types of structural receptors

A

complex
simple

48
Q

complex receptors

A

special sense organs
vision, hearing, smell, equilibrium, taste

49
Q

simple receptors

A

general sense
tactile senations, temperature, pain, stretch
nonencapsulated or encapsulated dendritic endings

50
Q

nonencapsulated free nerve endings

A

found throughout body
unmyelinated, small diameter axons
thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nociceptors
light touch mechanoreceptors

51
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

nerve enclosed by connective tissue capsule
mechanoreceptors (some proprioceptors)

52
Q

encapsulated endings in integumentary system

A

meissner corpuscles- tactile, discriminative touch
pacinian corpuscles- deep pressure, vibration
ruffini endings- deep continuous pressure

53
Q

encapsulated endings in muscles and joints

A

muscle spindle- muscle stretch
tendon organs- tendon stretch
joint kinesthetic receptors- stretch in articular capsules of synovial joints

54
Q

levels of neural integration of sensory info

A

receptor level- sensory receptors
circuit level- processing in ascending pathway
perceptual level- processing in cortex sensory areas

55
Q

general sense signals in somatosensory cortex

A

receptor is sensory neuron
stimulus -> generator potential -> action potential

56
Q

special sense signals in somatosensory cortex

A

receptor is separate cell
stimulus -> receptor potential in receptor cell -> release of neurotransmitter -> graded potential in first order sensory neuron -> action potential

57
Q

adaptation

A

change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
receptor membrane becomes less responsive
receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop

58
Q

which receptor does not exhibit adaptation?

A

proprioceptors and pain receptors
always need to know information of pain or body position

59
Q

phasic receptors

A

signal beginning or end of stimulus
fast adapting
receptors for pressure, touch, and smell

60
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly or not at all
nociceptors and most proprioceptors

61
Q

ascending pathways
circuit level

A

uses three neurons to conduct sensory impulses upward to appropriate brain regions
first order, second order, and third order neurons

62
Q

first order neurons

A

conduct impulses from receptor level to second order neuron in CNS

63
Q

second order neurons

A

transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum

64
Q

third order neurons

A

conduct impulses from thalamus to somatosensory cortex

65
Q

identification of sensation
perceptual level

A

depends on specific location of target neurons in sensory cortex

66
Q

perceptual detection

A

ability to detect stimulus
summation of impulses

67
Q

magnitude estimation

A

intensity is coded in frequency of impulses

68
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identifying the site or pattern of stimulus

69
Q

feature abstraction

A

combination of several features into overall idea

70
Q

quality discrimination

A

ability to differentiate sub qualities (taste)

71
Q

pattern recognition

A

ability to identify patterns

72
Q

perception of pain

A

warns of actual/impending tissue damage

73
Q

pain stimuli

A

extreme pressure, temperature, tissue damage
chemicals released: histamine, K+, ATP, acids, bradykinin

74
Q

pain neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and substance P activate 2nd order spinothalamic tracks

75
Q

fight or flight in pain

A

pain impulses blocked by inhibitory endogenous opioids (natural)
temporary override

76
Q

role of genetics in pain?

A

influence a person’s pain tolerance

77
Q

hyperalgesia

A

pain amplification - pain receptors always activated
chronic pain and phantom limb pain
activated NMDA receptors

78
Q

visceral pain

A

thorax, abdominal cavity
dull, aching, burning
caused by extreme stretching, chemicals, muscle spasms, low blood flow

79
Q

referred pain

A

pain from one area of body is perceived as coming from another part
brain interprets pain coming from spinal nerves as somatic rather than visceral

80
Q

3 levels of somatic control of motor division

A

segmental level
projection level
pre-command level

81
Q

segmental level

A

spinal cord reflexes
automatic repeated movements- CPGs central pattern generators set crude rhythms and alternating patterns of movement
don’t need higher brain levels to control

82
Q

projection level

A

primary motor cortex and direct descending tracts for voluntary skeletal movement
brain stem nuclei (red, vestibular, and reticular formation)
control and modify reflex and CPGs

83
Q

precommand level

A

cerebellum and basal nuclei
control and coordinate output of projection level
start and stop movements, coordinate posture, prevent unwanted movements, monitor muscle tone
unconscious planning in advance

84
Q

inborn/intrinsic reflex

A

rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus
stay upright, alive, and intact without thinking about it

85
Q

learned/acquired reflex

A

result from practice or repetition (overtime)
how to play instrument, driving, sewing, riding bike

86
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. receptor- site of stimulus action
  2. sensory neuron- transmit afferent impulses to CNS
  3. integration center- CNS structure
  4. motor neuron- conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
  5. effector- muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
87
Q

monosynaptic

A

two neuron circuit of reflex

88
Q

polysynaptic

A

3 or greater neuron circuit of reflex

89
Q

somatic reflex

A

integration center- spinal cord
effectors- skeletal muscles
brain not necessary, but can adapt/facilitate reflex
testing important for assessing condition of nervous system (absent, exaggerated, or absent means degeneration or pathology)

90
Q

muscle and tendon stretch somatic reflex

A

muscle spindles inform the nervous system of length of muscle
tendon organs inform brain the amount of tension in tendons

91
Q

muscle spindles

A

small short intrafusal fibers in connective tissue capsule
sensory neurons wrapped around sense rate and degree of stretch
motor neurons stimulate them to contract along with rest of muscle

92
Q

muscle spindle intrafusal fibers excitement

A
  1. external stretch of muscle and muscle spindle
  2. contraction of spindle along whole muscle
    change in length causes increased rate of impulses
93
Q

stretch reflex

A

maintain muscle tone and upright posture
cause muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length
all are monosynaptic and ipsilateral

94
Q

how stretch reflex works

A
  1. stretch activates muscle spindle
  2. sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons in spinal cord
  3. motor neurons cause stretch muscle to contract
95
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

fibers synapse with interneurons that inhibit motor neurons of antagonistic muscles

96
Q

tendon reflex

A

inform brain the amount of tension in muscle tendons
cause muscle relaxation - antagonistic muscle contracts for reciprocal activation
polysynaptic
help prevent damage due to extensive stretch

97
Q

flexor reflex

A

withdrawal reflex
initiated by painful stimulus
causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body part
ipsilateral and polysynaptic
brain can override (shots)

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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