Central Nervous System- Brain

Question 1

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 1

superior part of brain
83% of brain mass

Question 2

five lobes of brain

Answer 2

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

Question 3

gyri

Answer 3

ridges

Question 4

sulci

Answer 4

shallow grooves

Question 5

fissures

Answer 5

deep grooves

Question 6

longitudinal fissure

Answer 6

separates two hemispheres

Question 7

central sulcus

Answer 7

separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and post central gyrus of parietal lobe

Question 8

transverse cerebral fissure

Answer 8

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 9

cerebral cortex

Answer 9

thin superficial layer of gray matter (cell bodies)
40% of mass of brain
site of conscious mind

Question 10

lateralization of brain hemispheres

Answer 10

specialization of cortical function in two hemispheres
only present on left or right side

Question 11

three types of functional areas

Answer 11

motor areas
sensory areas
association areas

Question 12

motor functional areas

Answer 12

control voluntary movement
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
frontal eye field
broca’s area

Question 13

sensory functional areas

Answer 13

conscious awareness of sensation
primary somatosensory cortex - somatosensory association area
primary visual cortex - visual association area
primary auditory cortex - auditory association area
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex
gustatory cortex
visceral sensory area

Question 14

association functional areas

Answer 14

integrate diverse information
give meaning to information received, store as memory, compare it to previous experience and decide on action to take
anterior association area/prefrontal cortex
posterior association area
limbic association area

Question 15

primary motor cortex

Answer 15

pyramidal cells of precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
allows conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movement

Question 16

somototopy

Answer 16

body is represented spatially in primary motor cortex

Question 17

premotor cortex

Answer 17

frontal lobe anterior to precentral gyrus
controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
coordinates simultaneous or sequential skilled actions
planning of movements
activates parts of primary motor cortex

Question 18

broca’s area

Answer 18

anterior to premotor area
only in one hemisphere
motor speech area directs muscles of tongue
active when one prepares to speak

Question 19

frontal eye field

Answer 19

anterior to premotor cortex and superior to broca’s area
controls voluntary eye movements

Question 20

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 20

post central gyri of parietal lobe
receives sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons
spatial discrimination- identify body region stimulated
contralateral sides of hemispheres

Question 21

somatosensory association cortex

Answer 21

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
integrates sensory input from primary cortex
determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects

Question 22

primary visual cortex

Answer 22

extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe
receives visual information from retinas

Question 23

visual association area

Answer 23

surrounds primary visual cortex
uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
complex visual processing involves entire posterior half of hemispheres

Question 24

primary auditory cortex

Answer 24

superior margin of temporal lobes
interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

Question 25

auditory association area

Answer 25

posterior to primary auditory cortex
integrates info from primary cortex
stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds

Question 26

vestibular cortex

Answer 26

posterior part of insula
responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)

Question 27

olfactory cortex

Answer 27

medial aspect of temporal lobes
part of primitive rhinencephalon with olfactory bulbs and tracts
conscious awareness of odors

Question 28

gustatory cortex

Answer 28

insula, deep to temporal lobe
involved in perception of taste
tastes buds on tongue send info here

Question 29

visceral sensory area

Answer 29

posterior to gustatory cortex
conscious perception of visceral sensations
upset stomach, fully bladder

Question 30

prefrontal cortex/anterior association area

Answer 30

most complicated region
intellect, cognition, recall, personality
working memory needed for abstraction, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning, conscious
development depends on feedback from social environment

Question 31

posterior association area

Answer 31

recognizing patterns and faces, localizing surroundings in space, bringing different sensory inputs into whole
wernicke’s area- understanding written and spoken language on left side

Question 32

limbic association area

Answer 32

in cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus
emotional impact that establish memories, and sense of danger or fear

Question 33

lateralization

Answer 33

division of labor between hemisphere
use both hemispheres for most activities

Question 34

cerebral dominance

Answer 34

designates hemisphere dominant for language/math/logic (often left)
other hemisphere more involved in visual-spatial/artistic skill, intuition, emotion
sides communicate via fiber tracts in cerebral white matter

Question 35

cerebral white matter

Answer 35

myelinated fibers and their tracts
responsible for communication
commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers

Question 36

commissures

Answer 36

corpus callosum
connect gray matter of two hemispheres

Question 37

association fibers

Answer 37

connect different parts of same hemisphere

Question 38

projection fibers

Answer 38

connect hemisphere with lower brain or spinal cord

Question 39

basal nuclei

Answer 39

subcortical groups of cell bodies
associated with diencephalon and midbrain
control of movement - receive input from cerebral cortex, relay through thalamus, project to premotor and primary motor cortex

Question 40

functions of basal nuclei

Answer 40

influence muscular control - regulate slow or stereotyped movements
filter out inappropriate responses
inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements