Central Nervous System- Brain Flashcards
cerebral hemispheres
superior part of brain
83% of brain mass
five lobes of brain
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
gyri
ridges
sulci
shallow grooves
fissures
deep grooves
longitudinal fissure
separates two hemispheres
central sulcus
separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and post central gyrus of parietal lobe
transverse cerebral fissure
separates cerebrum and cerebellum
cerebral cortex
thin superficial layer of gray matter (cell bodies)
40% of mass of brain
site of conscious mind
lateralization of brain hemispheres
specialization of cortical function in two hemispheres
only present on left or right side
three types of functional areas
motor areas
sensory areas
association areas
motor functional areas
control voluntary movement
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
frontal eye field
broca’s area
sensory functional areas
conscious awareness of sensation
primary somatosensory cortex - somatosensory association area
primary visual cortex - visual association area
primary auditory cortex - auditory association area
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex
gustatory cortex
visceral sensory area
association functional areas
integrate diverse information
give meaning to information received, store as memory, compare it to previous experience and decide on action to take
anterior association area/prefrontal cortex
posterior association area
limbic association area
primary motor cortex
pyramidal cells of precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
allows conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movement
somototopy
body is represented spatially in primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
frontal lobe anterior to precentral gyrus
controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
coordinates simultaneous or sequential skilled actions
planning of movements
activates parts of primary motor cortex
broca’s area
anterior to premotor area
only in one hemisphere
motor speech area directs muscles of tongue
active when one prepares to speak
frontal eye field
anterior to premotor cortex and superior to broca’s area
controls voluntary eye movements
primary somatosensory cortex
post central gyri of parietal lobe
receives sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons
spatial discrimination- identify body region stimulated
contralateral sides of hemispheres
somatosensory association cortex
posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
integrates sensory input from primary cortex
determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects
primary visual cortex
extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe
receives visual information from retinas
visual association area
surrounds primary visual cortex
uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
complex visual processing involves entire posterior half of hemispheres
primary auditory cortex
superior margin of temporal lobes
interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location
auditory association area
posterior to primary auditory cortex
integrates info from primary cortex
stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds
vestibular cortex
posterior part of insula
responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)
olfactory cortex
medial aspect of temporal lobes
part of primitive rhinencephalon with olfactory bulbs and tracts
conscious awareness of odors
gustatory cortex
insula, deep to temporal lobe
involved in perception of taste
tastes buds on tongue send info here
visceral sensory area
posterior to gustatory cortex
conscious perception of visceral sensations
upset stomach, fully bladder
prefrontal cortex/anterior association area
most complicated region
intellect, cognition, recall, personality
working memory needed for abstraction, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning, conscious
development depends on feedback from social environment
posterior association area
recognizing patterns and faces, localizing surroundings in space, bringing different sensory inputs into whole
wernicke’s area- understanding written and spoken language on left side
limbic association area
in cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus
emotional impact that establish memories, and sense of danger or fear
lateralization
division of labor between hemisphere
use both hemispheres for most activities
cerebral dominance
designates hemisphere dominant for language/math/logic (often left)
other hemisphere more involved in visual-spatial/artistic skill, intuition, emotion
sides communicate via fiber tracts in cerebral white matter
cerebral white matter
myelinated fibers and their tracts
responsible for communication
commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers
commissures
corpus callosum
connect gray matter of two hemispheres
association fibers
connect different parts of same hemisphere
projection fibers
connect hemisphere with lower brain or spinal cord
basal nuclei
subcortical groups of cell bodies
associated with diencephalon and midbrain
control of movement - receive input from cerebral cortex, relay through thalamus, project to premotor and primary motor cortex
functions of basal nuclei
influence muscular control - regulate slow or stereotyped movements
filter out inappropriate responses
inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements
