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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what tissues make up the integument system?

A

epithelial and connective tissue

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2
Q

three major regions of integument

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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3
Q

epidermis

A

outermost region
epithelial cells

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4
Q

dermis

A

middle region
connective tissue

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5
Q

hypodermis

A

superficial fascia/subcutaneous fat
connective tissue

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6
Q

functions of integumentary system

A

protection
homeostasis
blood reservoir
sensation
metabolism
excretion

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7
Q

protection

A

chemical, physical, and biological barrier
cold and heat, mechanical impact, chemical and physical damage, microorganism penetration, pressure, vibration, excessive dehydration

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8
Q

homeostasis

A

control body temperature
dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels
sweat gland secretions to cool body

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9
Q

blood reservoir

A

skin blood vessels store up to 5% of blood volume

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10
Q

sensation

A

receptors for touch, pain, and temperature

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11
Q

metabolism

A

synthesis of vitamin D
detoxification

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12
Q

excretion

A

nitrogenous wastes, water and salt through sweat

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13
Q

cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic cells
Merkel cells

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14
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce fibrous protein keratin
main cell type

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15
Q

melanocytes

A

produce brown pigment melanin

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16
Q

dendritic cells

A

Langerhans cells
epidermal macrophages to help activate immune system

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17
Q

Merkel cells

A

touch receptors associated with sensory nerve endings

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18
Q

thick skin vs thin skin

A

thin is missing stratum lucidum layer
thinnest skin is eyelid
thickest skin is heel of foot

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19
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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20
Q

stratum basale (basal)

A

deepest epidermal layer
rapid division
single cell layer at bottom of epidermis
give rise to keratinocytes and basale stem cells

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21
Q

stratum spinosum (prickly)

A

above basale
newly differentiated keratinocytes anchored by desmosomes
lots of melanin granules from melanocytes to protect keratinocyte from UV
dendritic cells

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22
Q

stratum granulosum (granular)

A

above spinosum
1-5 cell layers thick
waterproofing and toughness
keratinocytes start to accumulate much more keratin
release water resistant glycolipids

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23
Q

stratum lucidum (clear)

A

above granulosum
transparent band only few layers thick
made from flattened dead keratinocytes
only visible in thick skin

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24
Q

stratum corneum (horny)

A

outermost layer of keratinized cells, dead/dying cells undergoing apoptosis
makes up 75% of epidermis (20-30 cell layers thick)

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25
Q

function of stratum corneum

A

waterproofing
protection from abrasion and penetration
protection from biological, chemical, and physical assaults

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26
Q

contents of dermis

A

nerves
blood and lymph vessels
glands and follicles

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27
Q

cell types present in dermis

A

fibroblasts (connective tissue
macrophages
white blood cells
mast cells

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28
Q

two layers of dermis

A

papillary - loose areolar
reticular - dense irregular

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29
Q

papillary layer

A

areolar connective tissue with loose collagen and elastic fibers
dermal papillae- superior surface of finger like projections (make up fingerprints)

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30
Q

contents of dermal papillae

A

capillary loops for blood supple
Meissner’s corpuscles for touch receptors
free nerve endings for pain receptors
immune cells

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31
Q

reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers for strength and resiliency, elastic fibers for stretch-recoil
makes 80% of thickness of dermis

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32
Q

what makes the flexure lines on hands/fingers?

A

when reticular layer of dermis is deeply connected to fascia
occurs at joints

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33
Q

where is tattoo ink located?

A

in dermis

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34
Q

complications of tattoo

A

granuloma- local inflammation
allergic reaction to dyes

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35
Q

composition of hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer
adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue

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36
Q

functions of hypodermis

A

insulation
shock absorption
anchors skin to muscles loosely

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37
Q

three pigments of skin color

A

melanin- yellow, red, brown, black
carotene- yellow orange
hemoglobin- reddish

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38
Q

melanin

A

made by melanocytes and transported to keratinocytes
more sunlight –> more melanin

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39
Q

how are freckles or moles formed?

A

local accumulations of melanin

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40
Q

how does melanin help with cancer?

A

more melanin in skin, lower incidence of skin cancer
more protection from UV rays

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41
Q

carotene

A

yellow/orange
found in palms and soles of feet
vitamin A

42
Q

hemoglobin

A

reddish
responsible for pinkish hue of pale skin
blood in capillary beds close to skin

43
Q

why did northwest europeans lose ability to tan?

A

produce a defective form of mc1r necessary for protection of melanin
skin burns and peels rather than tans

44
Q

sun poisoning/sun burn

A

response to UV damaging DNA causes inflammation
stimulation of DNA repair and melanin production
damaged cells undergo apoptosis -shed skin

45
Q

vitamin D

A

majority made by skin with UVB photons
increases intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc

46
Q

sudoriferous sweat glands

A

sweat glands

47
Q

four types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine
apocrine
ceruminous
mammillary

48
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

many, found in palms, soles of feet, and forehead
coiled gland with opening at surface
release dilute solution of salts, vit C, dermicidin, and wastes
part of autonomic nervous system

49
Q

reactions lead to location of sweat

A

heat at forehead
fear at palms, armpits, and arms

50
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

found in axillary and anogenital areas
duct empties into follicles
function starts at puberty and influenced by hormones
releases sweat, lipids, and proteins by exocytosis

51
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (earwax)

52
Q

mammary glands

A

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

53
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oily secretion called sebum
most active after puberty due to hormones
all over body, out growth of hair follicle
cell rupture

54
Q

what does sebum do?

A

softens skin and hair
slows water loss from skin
bactericidal

55
Q

which gland is blocked in teenagers with acne?

A

sebacious

56
Q

the most important role of the eccrine sweat gland?

A

body temperature regulation
(also stress inducing sweat)

57
Q

why does skin wrinkle in water?

A

nervous system response- vasoconstriction
better at manipulating objects

58
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles

59
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to temperature changes
non-encapsulated free nerve endings

60
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical forces like touch, pressure, and vibration
on hair follicles

61
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

found in dermal papillae in top of dermis
discriminates light touch

62
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep in dermis/subcutaneous tissue
sense applied pressure

63
Q

functions of hair

A

maintain warmth
alert system
guards scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
guards eyes and nose against foreign particles

64
Q

distribution of hair

A

all over body except
palms, soles and lips, and nipples and portions of external genitalia

65
Q

hair

A

strands of dead keratinized cells (like outer layer of epidermis)
produced by hair follicles
pigment from melanocytes

66
Q

parts of hair follicle

A

shaft- projects from skin
root- embedded in dermis
arrector pili- smooth muscles that pull hair erect

67
Q

three cell layers of hair shaft

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle

68
Q

hair follicle

A

surrounds hair shaft
deep end expands to form bulb filled with stem cells
papilla provides nutrients and growth signals (made of connective tissue and capillaries)

69
Q

hair color

A

blonde-brown-black- melanin pigments from melanocytes
red- iron containing pigment pheomelanin
gray-white- gene related reduction in melanin production or age related environmental stresses

70
Q

hair cycles

A

amount of time spent cycling changes depending on type of hair
growth, regression, resting phases

71
Q

hair thinning/baldness

A

hair growth rates slow in 40’s
alopecia- autoimmune attacks hair cells
male pattern baldness genetically determined

72
Q

nails

A

scale like modification of epidermis (hard keratin)
provides protection and increased grasping ability

73
Q

three skin injuries

A

blister
stretch marks
sun damage

74
Q

blister

A

fluid filled pocket that forms between epidermis and dermis

75
Q

stretch marks

A

striae
scars formed when dermis is torn by excessive stretching during pregnancy

76
Q

sun damage

A

clumping of elastic fibers that leads to leathery skin
too much exposure to the sunlight

77
Q

skin cancer

A

1 in 5 americans diagnosed
most are benign and do not metastasize
result from mutation of p53 gene
from UV exposure

78
Q

three types of skin cancers

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

79
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

least malignant
stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis
slow growing and rarely metastasize
cured by surgery

80
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arise from keratinocytes from stratum spinosum
found on scalp, ears, and lower lip
rapid growth and will metastasize if not removed
surgery or radiation therapy

81
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes
most dangerous- highly metastatic, resistant to chemotherapy

82
Q

ABCD rule for melanoma

A

Asymmetry- two sides of pigmented area don’t match
Border- irregular and exhibits indentations
Color- pigmented area is black, brown, tan, sometimes red or blue
Diameter- larger than 6 mm

83
Q

treatment for melanoma

A

wide surgical excision with immunotherapy
survival is poor if lesion is over 4 mm thick into skin

84
Q

dermatofibroma

A

benign
epidermal layers normal
disordered collagen

85
Q

age effects on skin

A
  1. thinner skin as replacement slows
  2. dry and itchy
  3. subcutaneous fat layer diminishes, intolerance to cold
  4. decreased elasticity- wrinkles
  5. skin cancer risk increases- fewer melanocytes and dendritic cells
86
Q

urticaria

A

inflammatory disorder
hypersensitivity to environmental exposure
cells release inflammatory cytokines
capillaries leak into dermis leading to edema

87
Q

eczema

A

inflammatory disorder
dry itchy red skin
autoimmune function - cells attack skin
intracellular edema

88
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic inflammation
epidermal hyperplasia in spinosum layer
elongation of papillary projections

89
Q

microbial disorders

A

impetigo- by staph or strep bacteria in children
ringworm- fungal infection, tinea, on groin, feet, scalp, nails

90
Q

diabetic dermopathy

A

most common disorder in diabetes
found on lower legs
hypothesis- excess glucose leads to cross linking of collagen
dermis

91
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

rough dark patches on neck
linked to obesity and insulin resistance
epidermal keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferate

92
Q

burns

A

heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals
risk: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, infection

93
Q

first degree burn

A

only epidermis is damaged
localized redness, swelling and pain

94
Q

second degree burn

A

epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged
blisters - fluid filled between dermis and epidermis

95
Q

third degree burn

A

entire thickness of skin is damaged
burned area is gray-white, red, or black
no edema or pain bc nerve endings burnt off
treated with skin grafts to prevent fluid loss or infection

96
Q

rule of nines

A

estimates severity of burns
divide body in 11 regions, each region accounts for 9% of body surface

97
Q

critical burn criteria

A
  1. over 25% of body has second degree
  2. over 10% of body has third degree
  3. third degree burns on face, hands, or feet (respiratory passageways)
98
Q

burn treatment

A

supplementary nutrients by IV to replace lost proteins and begin repair

99
Q

sepsis

A

widespread bacterial infection
leading cause of death in burn victims

100
Q

skin grafts

A

autografts from own skin to replace burnt skin
best method to prevent rejection

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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