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Anatomy and Physiology > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

joints

A

weakest part of skeleton

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2
Q

articulation

A

site where two or more bones meet

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3
Q

functions of joints

A

give skeleton mobility
holds skeleton together

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4
Q

2 types of classifications of joints

A

functional and structural

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5
Q

3 types of functional joints

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diathroses

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6
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable
sutures in skull

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7
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable
spine

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8
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable
limb joints

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9
Q

3 types of structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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10
Q

fibrous joints

A

joined by collagen fibers

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11
Q

3 types of structural fibrous joints

A

suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis

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12
Q

sutures

A

structural fibrous joint
wavy articulation between bones
short connective tissue fibers along periosteum

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13
Q

syndesmoses

A

structural fibrous joint
bones connected by ligaments

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14
Q

gomphoses

A

structural fibrous joint
peg-in socket joint
tooth held by ligament

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15
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

joined by cartilage

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16
Q

2 types of structural cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses
symphyses

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17
Q

synchondroses

A

structural cartilaginous joint
united by bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
often immovable

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18
Q

symphyses

A

structural cartilaginous joint
fibrocartilage joins bones
amphiarthrotic

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19
Q

synovial joints

A

fluid containing cavity formed between bones
diarthroses

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20
Q

components of synovial joints

A

articular cartilage
synovial cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
nerves
blood vessels

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21
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin hyaline cartilage covering end of bones
absorbs compression

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22
Q

synovial cavity

A

unique to synovial joints containing fluid

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23
Q

articular capsule

A

encloses joint cavity
inner membrane- loose connective tissue that makes fluid
outer membrane- dense irregular connective tissue with periosteum

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24
Q

synovial fluid

A

filtered from capillaries in synovial membrane
fills spaces within cartilage
egg white consistency
reduces friction, immune function, nutrients

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25
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

band like ligaments that can be thickened parts of fibrous layer or separate ligaments

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26
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A

monitor joint position and stretch
vessels in membrane not cartilage

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27
Q

friction reducing structures

A

bursae
tendon sheath

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28
Q

bursae

A

flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membranes
contain film of synovial fluid
reduces friction where structure would rub against bone

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29
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa
warps completely around tendon

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30
Q

stability structures

A

articular surfaces
ligaments
muscle tone

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31
Q

articular surfaces

A

shape determines what movements are possible
not all bones have deep surfaces

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32
Q

ligaments

A

unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
more present, more stability
only stretch 6% of length before snapping

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33
Q

muscle tone

A

tendons connect muscles across joints
tendons kept tight by muscle tone
most important for joint stability

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34
Q

the longer the ligament fiber…

A

the greater the degree of movement

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35
Q

origin

A

attachment to the immovable bone

36
Q

insertion

A

attachment to the movable bone

37
Q

muscle contraction

A

insertion moves toward origin

38
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases angle of joint
brings bones closer together

39
Q

extension

A

movement that increases angle of joint
straightens body part

40
Q

hyperextension

A

continuing movement beyond anatomical position

41
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline

42
Q

adduction

A

movement toward midline

43
Q

circumduction

A

moving limb around in circle

44
Q

rotation

A

turning of bone around its own long axis

45
Q

supination

A

anatomical position

46
Q

pronation

A

forearm rotates medially

47
Q

inversion

A

sole of foot turns medially

48
Q

eversion

A

sole of foot turns laterally

49
Q

dorsiflexion / plantar flexion

A

up / down movement of foot

50
Q

opposition

A

good for grasping and manipulating objects

51
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement over transverse plane

52
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement over transverse plane

53
Q

elevation

A

lifting body part superiorly

54
Q

depression

A

moving elevated body part inferiorly

55
Q

knee joint

A

largest and most complex synovial joint of body
flexion, extension, and some rotation
three joints surrounded by single cavity, articular capsule, and lots of bursae

56
Q

knee ligaments and tendons

A

tendons of quadriceps femoris and semimembranous muscles
ligaments prevent hyperextension
patellar ligament
collateral ligaments

57
Q

anterior cruciate ligament

A

prevents forward sliding of tibia

58
Q

posterior cruciate ligament

A

prevent backward displacement of tibia

59
Q

medial and lateral menisci

A

deepen tibia articular surface
prevent side to side rocking of femur
shock absorbers

60
Q

ACL injuries

A

torn ACL- lateral blow to extended knee
repair with grafts

61
Q

ball and socket joints

A

synovial joint in shoulder and hip

62
Q

shoulder joint

A

ball and socket- humerus in shallow glenoid cavity

63
Q

structures of shoulder joint

A

thin, loose articular capsule
only four ligaments
tendon of long head of bicep
rotator cuff (4 tendons) encircles shoulder joint and blends with articular capsule

64
Q

as freedom of motion increases…

A

stability decreases

65
Q

hip joint

A

ball and socket joint- head of femur and acetabulum of coxal bone

66
Q

acetabular labrum

A

fibrocartilage ridge that extends depth of acetabulum

67
Q

movement in hip joint

A

limited by deep socket and strong ligaments and tendons
more protected than shoulder

68
Q

3 strong ligaments of hip

A

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
each connected to femur and part of pelvic bone

69
Q

elbow joint

A

hinge joint- between humerus trochlea and ulna trochlear notch
only flexion or extension
thin capsule
collateral ligaments to prevent side movements

70
Q

temporomandibular joint TMJ

A

hinge joint- condylar process of mandible articulates with temporal bone
loose capsule with lateral ligament
shallow joint- most dislocated

71
Q

sprain

A

ligaments of reinforcing joint are stretched or torn
common in ankle, knee, lumbar of spine

72
Q

cartilage injuries

A

overstressed cartilage can tear or break
common in knee with menisci
avascular- unable to repair itself

73
Q

dislocations

A

bones forced out of alignment
accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and immobilization
serious falls or sports injuries
stretches capsule and ligaments

74
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa
caused by blow or friction
pain and swelling
anti-inflammatory drugs

75
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheath
caused by overuse
pain and swelling
rest, ice, anti-inflammatories

76
Q

arthritis

A

degenerative disorder with many types
pain, stiffness, and swelling

77
Q

acute arthritis

A

bacteria-caused
treated with antibiotics

78
Q

chronic arthritis

A

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis

79
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common chronic
develop in 80s
wear and tear of articular cartilage
joint releases enzyme that break down collagen

80
Q

joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis

A

cervical and lumbar spine
fingers and knuckles
knees and hips

81
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune
30-50 years old
women at higher risk
flare ups and remissions

82
Q

progression of RA

A

inflammatory chemicals prompt immune system attack on synovial membrane
forms pannus then bones fuse at joints

83
Q

artificial joints

A

cement replacements to bone
designed to fit individual
made of cobalt and titanium alloys

84
Q

gouty arthritis

A

body unable to excrete or breakdown uric acid
uric acid deposits in joints and crystallizes - inflammation and immobilizes
large toe greatly affected first

85
Q

treatments for gouty arthritis

A

NSAIDs
diet- avoid alcohol and foods with high purine content

86
Q

lyme disease

A

inflammatory disease caused by bacteria
pain in joints
skin rash and flu symptoms
antibiotics
left untreated can affect brain and cardiovascular system

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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