Joints Flashcards
joints
weakest part of skeleton
articulation
site where two or more bones meet
functions of joints
give skeleton mobility
holds skeleton together
2 types of classifications of joints
functional and structural
3 types of functional joints
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diathroses
synarthroses
immovable
sutures in skull
amphiarthroses
slightly movable
spine
diarthroses
freely movable
limb joints
3 types of structural joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
fibrous joints
joined by collagen fibers
3 types of structural fibrous joints
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis
sutures
structural fibrous joint
wavy articulation between bones
short connective tissue fibers along periosteum
syndesmoses
structural fibrous joint
bones connected by ligaments
gomphoses
structural fibrous joint
peg-in socket joint
tooth held by ligament
cartilaginous joints
joined by cartilage
2 types of structural cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
symphyses
synchondroses
structural cartilaginous joint
united by bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
often immovable
symphyses
structural cartilaginous joint
fibrocartilage joins bones
amphiarthrotic
synovial joints
fluid containing cavity formed between bones
diarthroses
components of synovial joints
articular cartilage
synovial cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
nerves
blood vessels
articular cartilage
thin hyaline cartilage covering end of bones
absorbs compression
synovial cavity
unique to synovial joints containing fluid
articular capsule
encloses joint cavity
inner membrane- loose connective tissue that makes fluid
outer membrane- dense irregular connective tissue with periosteum
synovial fluid
filtered from capillaries in synovial membrane
fills spaces within cartilage
egg white consistency
reduces friction, immune function, nutrients
reinforcing ligaments
band like ligaments that can be thickened parts of fibrous layer or separate ligaments
nerves and blood vessels
monitor joint position and stretch
vessels in membrane not cartilage
friction reducing structures
bursae
tendon sheath
bursae
flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membranes
contain film of synovial fluid
reduces friction where structure would rub against bone
tendon sheath
elongated bursa
warps completely around tendon
stability structures
articular surfaces
ligaments
muscle tone
articular surfaces
shape determines what movements are possible
not all bones have deep surfaces
ligaments
unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
more present, more stability
only stretch 6% of length before snapping
muscle tone
tendons connect muscles across joints
tendons kept tight by muscle tone
most important for joint stability
the longer the ligament fiber…
the greater the degree of movement
origin
attachment to the immovable bone
insertion
attachment to the movable bone
muscle contraction
insertion moves toward origin
flexion
movement that decreases angle of joint
brings bones closer together
extension
movement that increases angle of joint
straightens body part
hyperextension
continuing movement beyond anatomical position
abduction
movement away from midline
adduction
movement toward midline
circumduction
moving limb around in circle
rotation
turning of bone around its own long axis
supination
anatomical position
pronation
forearm rotates medially
inversion
sole of foot turns medially
eversion
sole of foot turns laterally
dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
up / down movement of foot
opposition
good for grasping and manipulating objects
protraction
anterior movement over transverse plane
retraction
posterior movement over transverse plane
elevation
lifting body part superiorly
depression
moving elevated body part inferiorly
knee joint
largest and most complex synovial joint of body
flexion, extension, and some rotation
three joints surrounded by single cavity, articular capsule, and lots of bursae
knee ligaments and tendons
tendons of quadriceps femoris and semimembranous muscles
ligaments prevent hyperextension
patellar ligament
collateral ligaments
anterior cruciate ligament
prevents forward sliding of tibia
posterior cruciate ligament
prevent backward displacement of tibia
medial and lateral menisci
deepen tibia articular surface
prevent side to side rocking of femur
shock absorbers
ACL injuries
torn ACL- lateral blow to extended knee
repair with grafts
ball and socket joints
synovial joint in shoulder and hip
shoulder joint
ball and socket- humerus in shallow glenoid cavity
structures of shoulder joint
thin, loose articular capsule
only four ligaments
tendon of long head of bicep
rotator cuff (4 tendons) encircles shoulder joint and blends with articular capsule
as freedom of motion increases…
stability decreases
hip joint
ball and socket joint- head of femur and acetabulum of coxal bone
acetabular labrum
fibrocartilage ridge that extends depth of acetabulum
movement in hip joint
limited by deep socket and strong ligaments and tendons
more protected than shoulder
3 strong ligaments of hip
iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
each connected to femur and part of pelvic bone
elbow joint
hinge joint- between humerus trochlea and ulna trochlear notch
only flexion or extension
thin capsule
collateral ligaments to prevent side movements
temporomandibular joint TMJ
hinge joint- condylar process of mandible articulates with temporal bone
loose capsule with lateral ligament
shallow joint- most dislocated
sprain
ligaments of reinforcing joint are stretched or torn
common in ankle, knee, lumbar of spine
cartilage injuries
overstressed cartilage can tear or break
common in knee with menisci
avascular- unable to repair itself
dislocations
bones forced out of alignment
accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and immobilization
serious falls or sports injuries
stretches capsule and ligaments
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
caused by blow or friction
pain and swelling
anti-inflammatory drugs
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheath
caused by overuse
pain and swelling
rest, ice, anti-inflammatories
arthritis
degenerative disorder with many types
pain, stiffness, and swelling
acute arthritis
bacteria-caused
treated with antibiotics
chronic arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis
osteoarthritis
most common chronic
develop in 80s
wear and tear of articular cartilage
joint releases enzyme that break down collagen
joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis
cervical and lumbar spine
fingers and knuckles
knees and hips
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic inflammatory autoimmune
30-50 years old
women at higher risk
flare ups and remissions
progression of RA
inflammatory chemicals prompt immune system attack on synovial membrane
forms pannus then bones fuse at joints
artificial joints
cement replacements to bone
designed to fit individual
made of cobalt and titanium alloys
gouty arthritis
body unable to excrete or breakdown uric acid
uric acid deposits in joints and crystallizes - inflammation and immobilizes
large toe greatly affected first
treatments for gouty arthritis
NSAIDs
diet- avoid alcohol and foods with high purine content
lyme disease
inflammatory disease caused by bacteria
pain in joints
skin rash and flu symptoms
antibiotics
left untreated can affect brain and cardiovascular system
