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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

master control and communication

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2
Q

functions of nervous system

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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3
Q

sensory input

A

monitoring stimuli
dendrites/PNS

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4
Q

integratation

A

interpretation of sensory input
cell body/CNS

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5
Q

motor output

A

response to stimuli
axon/PNS

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6
Q

central nervous system CNS

A

form- brain and spinal cord
function- integration and control center

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system PNS

A

form- paired spinal and cranial nerves
function- carries messages to and from spinal cord and brain, link body to CNS

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8
Q

division of PNS

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)

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9
Q

sensory (afferent) division- inputs

A

somatic afferent fibers- from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to brain
visceral afferent fibers- from visceral organs to brain

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10
Q

motor (efferent) division- outputs

A

transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs

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11
Q

motor division organization

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

somatic nervous system

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary muscle (cardiac and smooth) and glands
sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

sympathetic

A

part of autonomic nervous system
stress and stimulation
fight or flight

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15
Q

parasympathetic

A

part of autonomic nervous system
relax and conservation
same organs, separates nerves for opposite effects of sympathetic

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16
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical signals

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17
Q

neuroglia

A

nerve glue
supporting cells

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18
Q

location of neuroglia in CNS

A

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

location of neuroglia in PNS

A

satellite cells
schwann cells

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20
Q

characteristics of neurons

A

excitable
long lived (+100 years)
amitotic- no centrioles to divide
high metabolic rate- uses lots of glucose and oxygen

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21
Q

development of neurons

A

ectoderm forms neural tube
neuroblasts- embryonic precursors
migrated and guided

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22
Q

how do neuroblasts migrate during development?

A

move throughout embryo using growth cone with filopodia
crawl through embryo

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23
Q

how are neuroblasts guided during development?

A

genetic signals guide to correct spot for final destination
inhibitory, attractive, goal cues
cell adhesion molecules for migration (synapses)
apoptosis for 2/3 of neuroblasts that do not find spot

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24
Q

soma

A

nerve cell body
contains nucleus and other organelles
focal point for outgrowth of neuronal processes (dendrites and axons)

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25
Q

axon hillock

A

where axons arise
ramp off cell body that leads to axon

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26
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in CNS

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27
Q

ganglia

A

bundles of cell bodies in PNS

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28
Q

dendrites

A

processes out of soma that receives information
numerous, short, tapering, diffusely branched
contain spines where synapses form
large surface area for input
graded potentials travel toward soma

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29
Q

axons

A

generate and conduct nerve impulses
form synapses and release neurotransmitters

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30
Q

characteristics of axons

A

one per neuron
long
lacks golgi and rough ER
anterograde and retrograde transport

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31
Q

tracts

A

CNS bundles of axons

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32
Q

nerves

A

PNS bundles of axons

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33
Q

characteristics of neuroglia

A
  1. provide supportive scaffolding for neurons
  2. segregate and insulate neurons
  3. guide young neurons to proper connections
  4. promote health and growth
  5. help regulate neurotransmitter levels
  6. phagocytosis
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34
Q

astrocytes

A

most abundant and versatile neuroglia
cling to neurons and synaptic endings
cover capillaries and link neurons
supporta nd brace neurons
guide young neurons and synapse formation
control chemical environment around neuron

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35
Q

microglia

A

immune function
monitor health of neurons
transfer into macrophages to remove cellular debris, microbes, or dead neurons

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36
Q

ependymal cells

A

circulate cerebrospinal fluid
line the central cavities of brain and spinal column
squamous/columnar shaped (often ciliated)

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37
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

wrap CNS axons like jelly roll
form insulating myelin sheath for electrical impulses
up to 60 axons each

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38
Q

schwann cells

A

surrounds axons of PNS (like oligodendrocytes)
form insulating myelin sheath, essential support, help injured nerves regenerate

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39
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies of PNS
function like astrocytes

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40
Q

myelin sheath

A

white fatty sheath protects long axons
electrically insulates fibers
increases speed of nerve impulses
outer collar of cytoplasm

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41
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between schwann cells

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42
Q

white matter

A

dense collections of myelinated fibers

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43
Q

gray matter

A

mostly soma and un-myelinated fibers

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44
Q

action potentials definiton

A

electrical impulses carried along length of axon
always same regardless of stimuli
based on changes in ion concentrations across membrane

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45
Q

voltage V

A

potential energy from separation of charges
measured in millivolts from flow of ions

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46
Q

current I

A

flow of electrical charge between two points
plasma membrane resists

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47
Q

insulator

A

substance with high electrical resistance
myelin sheath

48
Q

4 types of ion channels

A

passive
voltage gated
ligand gated
mechanically gated

49
Q

passive channels

A

leakage
always open

50
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open and close in response to membrane potential
important for action potential

51
Q

ligand gated channels

A

chemically gated
open when specific neurotransmitter binds

52
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

open and close in response to physical forces
not used in neurons

53
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

ions will move from high to low concentration
ions will move toward the opposite charge
creates electrical current when ions move, and changes voltage across membrane

54
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV
inside of cell membrane has more negative charges than outside
Na/K ATPase pump maintains resting potential
Na and K voltage gates are closed

55
Q

depolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes less negative
Na gates opened, K closed
threshold- critical level -55 mV, action potential fires
positive feedback loop causes more channels to open

56
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes more negative than resting potential
K gates still open and leave cell
neuron less sensitive to stimuli until resting restored

57
Q

repolarization

A

membrane returns to its resting membrane potential
Na inactivation gates close, K opens and leaves

58
Q

graded potentials

A

short lived localized changes in membrane potential
spread is determined by strength of stimulus

59
Q

action potential characteristics

A

brief reversal of membrane polarity (-70 to +30)
all or nothing event
maintain strength over distance
generated only by muscle cells and neurons

60
Q

phases of action potential

A
  1. resting state
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. hyperpolarization
  5. return to resting potential
61
Q

two voltage regulated gates of sodium

A

activation gate
inactivation gate

62
Q

how are ionic conditions restored?

A

Na/K ATPase pumps NA out and K in
repolarization restores electrical differences across membrane (not ionic)

63
Q

absolute refractory period

A

neuron cannot generate action potential
ensures each action potential is separate events
one way transmission of nerve impulses

64
Q

relative refractory period

A

threshold is elevated
only strong stimuli can generate action potentials

65
Q

propagation of action potential

A

self propagating
constant velocity
refractory period causes unidirectional propagation

66
Q

action potential frequency

A

stronger stimuli generate more frequent potentials
all potentials are same strength, more stimuli gives stronger result

67
Q

2 factors that determine velocity of signal

A

axon diameter
presence of myelin sheath

68
Q

axon diameter

A

larger the diameter, faster the impulse

69
Q

presence of myelin sheath

A

faster impulses
saltatory conduction- node jumping
action potentials only generated in gaps and jump faster from gap to gap

70
Q

somatic sensory and motor nerves

A

skin, muscles, joints
have axons with largest diameters and lots of thick myelin

71
Q

autonomic sensory nerves

A

axons with smaller diameters
lightly myelinated or not at all

72
Q

multiple sclerosis MS

A

autoimmune disease where immune system attacks myelin sheath
sheath turned into scleroses
conduction decreases or misfires
axons make more Na+ channels to compensate
treated with corticosteroids and drugs to reduce immune response

73
Q

synapse

A

junction for cell - cell communication
neuron to neuron
neuron to effector cell

74
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulses toward synapse

75
Q

post synaptic neuron/cell

A

receives signal
may or may no act on signal

76
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

axons attached to somatic body of cell

77
Q

axodendritic synapses

A

axons attached to dendrites

78
Q

axoaxonal synapses

A

axons attached to axon hillock

79
Q

electrical synapse

A

gaps right next to each other
like gap junctions- direct ion flow from cell to cell
less common- important in CNS for neural development, synchronization of activity, and emotions and memory

80
Q

chemical synapse

A

excitatory or inhibitory
communication via neurotransmitters
action potential causes flood of calcium, presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft if fluid filled, post synaptic cell has membrane bound receptors for neurotransmitter to bind
neurotransmitters recycled, removed, or degraded after release

81
Q

what type of gate is present in chemical synapses?

A

ligand gated ion channels

82
Q

steps to neurotransmitter action

A
  1. action potential reaches axon terminus
  2. calcium voltage gated channels let Ca enter terminus
  3. calcium stimulates release of neurotransmitter via exocytosis
  4. neurotransmitter travels across cleft, binds to its receptor and causes a graded potential
  5. neurotransmitter is subject to reuptake, degradation, or diffusion
83
Q

acetylcholine

A

neuromuscular junctions
learning

84
Q

biogenic amines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine
emotional behavior, biological clock, ANS motor neurons
pleasure and mood

85
Q

amino acids

A

glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA
learning

86
Q

peptides

A

endorphines, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin
pain levels

87
Q

neurotransmitters in both CNS and PNS

A

purines- ATP/adenosine
gases and lipids- nitric oxide, CO, H2S
endocannabinoids- learning, memory, appetite/nausea

88
Q

direct neurotransmitter receptors

A

channel linked receptors - ligand binding changes shape and opens
rapid response
sensory motor coordination

89
Q

indirect neurotransmitter receptors

A

G protein linked receptors
indirect, slow, complex
receptor activates G protein which uses 2nd messangers to open ion channels
memory, learning, ANS
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

90
Q

postsynaptic potential

A

post synaptic membranes achieve graded potentials, not action potentials
at axon hillock

91
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials
cell depolarized by Na/K channels
Glutamate muscle contraction to do something

92
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
cell is hyperpolarized by K/Cl channels
GABA

93
Q

conditions for postsynaptic cell firing

A
  • which neurotransmitter released
  • amount of neurotransmitter present
  • length of time the neurotransmitter is bound to receptor
    if threshold isn’t reached, no action potential
94
Q

spatial summation

A

multiple graded potentials arrive at same time
number of IPSP vs EPSP determine if action potential generated

95
Q

temporal summation

A

multiple graded potentials arrive at different times
time intervals determine if action potential is generated

96
Q

synaptic potentiation

A

repeated or continuous use of synapse enhances ability to stimulate again
hippocampus- learning and memory

97
Q

neuronal pools

A

neurons closely associated with axon more likely to be stimulated vs those further away

98
Q

serial processing

A

system works in all or nothing, quick and predictable manner

99
Q

reflex

A

sterotyped, automatic response to a stimulus

100
Q

parallel processing

A

stimulus activates multiple neuronal circuits
process information very quickly for higher order thinking
memory, emotion, hunger

101
Q

types of circuits

A

diverging
converging
reverberating
parallel after discharge

102
Q

diverging circuit

A

one input, many outputs
amplifying circuit

103
Q

converging circuit

A

many inputs, one output
concentrating circuit

104
Q

reverberating circuit

A

signal travels through chain of neurons, each feeding back to previous neuron
oscillating circuit rhythmic activity

105
Q

parallel after discharge circuit

A

signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that eventually converge on a single output cell
impulses reach output cell at different times, cause a burst of impulses (after discharge)

106
Q

BoTox

A

botulinum toxin
blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction
facial muscles cant contract and wrinkles disappear

107
Q

local anesthesia

A

block sodium channels so action potentials aren’t generated

108
Q

how are neurotransmitter kept in concentration in synapse?

A

inhibit enzymes associated with postsynaptic membrane that degrade it
inhibit reuptake of it by astrocytes or presynaptic terminal

109
Q

pleasure

A

brains reward us with behavior necessary for survival with dopamine
involved in drug and alcohol addiction

110
Q

drugs of abuse

A

chemically similar to neurotransmitter of reward system

111
Q

amphetamine drugs

A

enhances release of dopamine
meth

112
Q

cocaine

A

prevents reuptake of dopamine
dopamine continues to signal
brain stops making dopamine (less signaling)

113
Q

mood, sleep, appetite

A

serotonin
anti-anxiety/depression drugs block reuptake
LSD- blocks activity, excites certain neurons
Ecstasy- enhances release and activity, may destroy neurons

114
Q

depression

A

linked to altered levels of serotonin
SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
provides greater signal from less neurotransmitter

115
Q

pain

A

opioids- oxycontin, fentanyl, vicodin, heroin
similar to natural opioids and mimic pain relief pathway
highly addictive

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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