Basic Intro Flashcards
anatomy
study of structure
physiology
study of function
structure and function are considered ____ and should be considered together
complementary
where do physiological functions often occur?
at the cellular or molecular level
what are some examples of physics in physiology?
electrical signals in heart and nervous system
muscles and bones increase force for movement (simple machines)
level of organization of our bodies?
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism
integumentary system
structure: layers of cells including many glands
function: cover and protect
organs: hair, skin, and nails
skeletal system
structure: bones and connective tissue
function: support and protect
muscular system
structure: contractile fibers (muscles)
function: movement and support
nervous system
structure: neurons (dendrites, cell body, axons)
function: fast communication
special senses
structure: specialized organs (eye, ear, nose, mouth, skin)
function: receive sensory information
what are the 8 necessary life functions?
- maintaining boundaries
- responsiveness
- movement
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- reproduction
- growth
maintaining boundaries
cellular level: accomplished by plasma membranes (intracellular vs extracellular)
organismal level: accomplished by skin (integumentary system)
responsiveness
sensing and responding changes in environment
fight or flight
movement
cellular level: transport into and out of cells, cell signaling
organismal level: locomotion, peristalsis, and contractility
digestion
breaking down food into usable nutrients
metabolism
building up and breaking down at cellular level
excretion
removing wastes from body
reproduction
cellular level: one cell divides to produce two daughter cells
organismal level: sperm and egg unite to produce offspring
growth
stages of development at both cellular and organismal level
what are our survival needs?
nutrients oxygen water normal body temperature appropriate atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite an ever changing external environment
involves blood sugar, heart rate, and body temperature
responding/adjusting to external or internal changes
what are the 3 aspects of homeostatic control
receptor- monitors environment internally and externally
control center- determines if change is outside normal limits
effector- initiates action to restore system to normal limits
afferent pathway
stimulus produces change in variable
receptor detects change
input: information sent along pathway to control center
efferent pathway
output: information from control center along pathway to effector
response of effector feeds back to reduce effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
example of homeostasis of body temperature
- stimulus heat -> body temperature rises; receptors are temperature sensitive cells in skin and brain -> control center -> effectors are sweat glands -> response: evaporation of sweat, body temperature falls, stimulus ends
- stimulus cold -> body temperature falls; temperature sensitive cells are receptors -> control center -> effectors are skeletal muscles -> response: body temperature rises, stimulus ends
negative feedback
receptor senses problem
control center takes action
effector shuts off the response that produced it
ex: thyroid hormones control metabolism and growth
positive feedback
enhanced effects by effector
makes more/extra of what turned it on
ex: blood clotting
