Basic Intro

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

study of function

Question 3

structure and function are considered ____ and should be considered together

Answer 3

complementary

Question 4

where do physiological functions often occur?

Answer 4

at the cellular or molecular level

Question 5

what are some examples of physics in physiology?

Answer 5

electrical signals in heart and nervous system

muscles and bones increase force for movement (simple machines)

Question 6

level of organization of our bodies?

Answer 6

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 7

integumentary system

Answer 7

structure: layers of cells including many glands
function: cover and protect
organs: hair, skin, and nails

Question 8

skeletal system

Answer 8

structure: bones and connective tissue
function: support and protect

Question 9

muscular system

Answer 9

structure: contractile fibers (muscles)
function: movement and support

Question 10

nervous system

Answer 10

structure: neurons (dendrites, cell body, axons)
function: fast communication

Question 11

special senses

Answer 11

structure: specialized organs (eye, ear, nose, mouth, skin)
function: receive sensory information

Question 12

what are the 8 necessary life functions?

Answer 12

1. maintaining boundaries
2. responsiveness
3. movement
4. digestion
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7. reproduction
8. growth

Question 13

maintaining boundaries

Answer 13

cellular level: accomplished by plasma membranes (intracellular vs extracellular)
organismal level: accomplished by skin (integumentary system)

Question 14

responsiveness

Answer 14

sensing and responding changes in environment

fight or flight

Question 15

movement

Answer 15

cellular level: transport into and out of cells, cell signaling
organismal level: locomotion, peristalsis, and contractility

Question 16

digestion

Answer 16

breaking down food into usable nutrients

Question 17

metabolism

Answer 17

building up and breaking down at cellular level

Question 18

excretion

Answer 18

removing wastes from body

Question 19

reproduction

Answer 19

cellular level: one cell divides to produce two daughter cells
organismal level: sperm and egg unite to produce offspring

Question 20

growth

Answer 20

stages of development at both cellular and organismal level

Question 21

what are our survival needs?

Answer 21

nutrients 
oxygen 
water 
normal body temperature 
appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 22

homeostasis

Answer 22

to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite an ever changing external environment
involves blood sugar, heart rate, and body temperature
responding/adjusting to external or internal changes

Question 23

what are the 3 aspects of homeostatic control

Answer 23

receptor- monitors environment internally and externally
control center- determines if change is outside normal limits
effector- initiates action to restore system to normal limits

Question 24

afferent pathway

Answer 24

stimulus produces change in variable
receptor detects change
input: information sent along pathway to control center

Question 25

efferent pathway

Answer 25

output: information from control center along pathway to effector
response of effector feeds back to reduce effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

Question 26

example of homeostasis of body temperature

Answer 26

1. stimulus heat -> body temperature rises; receptors are temperature sensitive cells in skin and brain -> control center -> effectors are sweat glands -> response: evaporation of sweat, body temperature falls, stimulus ends
2. stimulus cold -> body temperature falls; temperature sensitive cells are receptors -> control center -> effectors are skeletal muscles -> response: body temperature rises, stimulus ends

Question 27

negative feedback

Answer 27

receptor senses problem
control center takes action
effector shuts off the response that produced it
ex: thyroid hormones control metabolism and growth

Question 28

positive feedback

Answer 28

enhanced effects by effector
makes more/extra of what turned it on
ex: blood clotting