Simulation 17_2023 Flashcards
define disinfection
the reduction and/or elimination of pathogens present in the air or on surfaces.
Sister Mary Joseph’s nodule, Krukenberg’s tumor, Blumer’s step sign are all?
typical of gastric adenocarcinoma
The Sister Mary Joseph nodule indicates a nodule in the periumbilical region, the Blumer step sign indicates nodules at the peritoneal level, while the Krukenberg tumor indicates nodules at the ovarian level.
Ficat classification
of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head
vinyl chloride monomer facts
CMV has been used in the past as an anesthetic gas as it is easily absorbed by inhalation.
Causes fatal arrhythmias, including AF and VF
It is currently used in the production of PVC.
Chronic “CMV disease” (Raynaud’s phenomenon, osteolysis, scleroderma) can occur in exposed workers.
is an IARC1 carcinogen
hepatocellular carcinomas or angiosarcomas. The latter histotype has a latency of onset of approximately 17 years and is very typical of previous exposure to CMV, unlike HCC; whose etiology is more varied (liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, aflatoxins etc).
The most important marker of liver damage is
alanine amiotransferase (ALT)
(AST is an enzyme that can also be localized at the level of the myocardium, skeletal muscles and brain.)
BMI classes
underweight (BMI <18.5 Kg/m^2)
Normal weight (BMI between 18.6 and 25.0 Kg/m^2)
overweight (BMI 25.1-30.0 Kg/m ^2)
Severe obesity grade I (30.1-34.9 Kg/m^2)
Severe obesity grade II (35-39.9 Kg/m^2)
Severe obesity grade III (>40 kg/m^2)
ECG findings in mild/moderate mitral stenosis
mitral P wave, i.e. bifid in I, II and from V4 to V6 or diphasic in V1 and V2.
What is the gold standard for studying lung metastases?
CT
A singer has diffuse swelling of vocal folds. DX?
Reinke’s edema is a more or less widespread chordal edema, capable of causing dysphonia and, in the most severe cases, dyspnoea. Treatment consists of removing the triggering factors and, if necessary, a surgical approach
What is the main method used to stage cervical cancer?
Recto-vaginal examination in narcosis. The staging of cervical cancer is carried out through manual recto-vaginal exploration because it allows the evaluation of parameters, vagina and rectovaginal septum, the possible involvement of which more heavily influences the subsequent therapeutic strategy and prognosis.
T/F Staging on the “operating table” is typically carried out for ovarian cancer, for which only direct vision allows us to understand the real extent of the disease and therefore whether it is operable or not
T
Acute otitis externa presentation, causes, otoscope presentation and TX
It is an inflammation of the external auditory canal mainly caused by Staphylococci and pseudomonas aeruginosa
SX: otalgia evoked by compression on the tragus, accompanied by hearing loss.
On otoscopic: edema of the external auditory canal with hyperemia. creamy secretions of variable colour.
TX: administration of topical preparations such as neomycin, washes with acetic acid, topical antifungals in the case of fungal infection.
TX of otitis media
Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day in 3 doses.
Amoxicillin represents the antibiotic therapy of first choice in the absence of otorrhea, recurrence or risk factors for bacterial resistance. If one of these elements is present, the use of the amoxicillin+clavulanic acid association is preferred.
What is meant by recurrent otitis media?
3 or more episodes in 6 months
T/F The current indications provided by the AHA/ACC state, in fact, that patients with minor risk factors can undergo elective surgery without additional investigations, whatever the nature of the planned operation, if their functional reserve is at least moderate. and, in case of poor functional capacity, whether the surgery is low or intermediate risk
T
How many types of joint involvement in IBD
In chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD), the most frequent extra-intestinal manifestations are joint ones.
Three types of joint involvement are recognized: type I (oligoarticular), type II (polyarticular) and type III (spondyloarthropathy).
Knee is most often affected
Possible extraarticular manifestations of IBD
Uveitis
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Amyloidosis
T/F The focal seizure, on the other hand, occurs without loss of consciousness.
T
Seborrhoic keratosis facts
TX?
represents the most frequent benign epithelial tumor, is typical of advanced age and the white race
No TX
Keratoacanthoma
Keratoacanthoma manifests itself with a rounded and reddish papule with a crater filled with keratotic material in the center
actinic keratosis presents itself as an asymptomatic desquamated lesion with an erythematous halo
T
while cryotherapy and 5-fluorouracil for actinic keratosis
T/F basal cell carcinoma as a pearly plaque with telangiectasias on the surface (often ulcerated in the center), while finally squamous cell carcinoma as a friable papule or ulcer with superficial serocrusts that bleeds episodically
T
Elective surgery and/or radiotherapy are treatments used for example for squamous cell carcinoma
TX for intestinal obstruction
Fasting, nasogastric tube placement, IV fluids, and viscerolysis.
There are then specific treatments depending on the etiology of the occlusion: in case of intussusception in the child, for example, we can use an enema, since the cause is usually the laxity of the mucous and submucosal tissues
the positioning of a stent is indicated in cases of colon cancer, in which one can also opt for a resection followed by anastomosis of the stumps
while colonoscopy can be decisive as a non-surgical treatment in cases of volvulus of the sigmoid colon, especially in elderly patients
In cases of occlusion due to adhesions caused by previous surgical interventions, as, probably, in our clinical case, the treatment consists of viscerolysis, i.e. the resolution of the adhesions through surgery. Antibiotic therapy, however, is generally reserved for cases in which intestinal infarction or ischemia is suspected.
All of them are true for heart failure TX
Dapaglifozin is indicated in patients with heart failure, regardless of diabetes
Eplerenone is an antialdosterone with low risk of gynecomastia
The implantation of an ICD is indicated for primary prevention in patients with NYHA class II-III, FE reduced, after optimized medical therapy for 3 months and at least 40 days from the last infarction
The CRT can be used both if the QRS > 150 msec with LBBBx pattern and between 130 and 150 msec with non-LBBBx pattern
T
A 27-year-old boy, who returned about 15 days ago from a trip to India, presents abdominal pain and diarrhea with traces of blood. Through parasitological examination of the feces, the diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis is made. Which treatment of the case in question?
METRONIDAZOLE for tx of amoebiasis is Entamoeba histolytica,
In the case of extraintestinal amoebiasis, what would be the most frequently involved organ?
liver
What is Weil’s disease
Weil’s disease, or icteric leptospirosis, represents a form of severe leptospirosis, which occurs in 5-10% of symptomatic cases and is characterized by liver involvement with jaundice, renal failure and, in the most severe cases, pulmonary hemorrhage and ARDS. It has a mortality of approximately 10%. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. Various species of mammals represent the reservoir of the disease, mainly rodents. The infection is generally transmitted through continuous solutions in body parts that have come into contact with water contaminated by the urine of tank animals, which is why it is often an occupational disease. Man represents an accidental host. Most cases are asymptomatic, but if symptoms are present, the infection can manifest itself in a mild form (anicteric leptospirosis) or in the form of Weil’s disease. The yellow hand sign and Filatow’s mask are characteristic of scarlet fever; with orient button we mean the typical lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis; Köplik’s spots are a typical manifestation of measles.
Mario, 75 years old, is hospitalized for right abscessed pyelonephritis on ipsilateral stones with normal renal function. Mario has been diabetic for about 13 years, hypertensive and dyslipidemic. He is currently undergoing treatment with Metformin, Empagliflozin, Atorvastatin, Amlodipidine. Which of these drugs could be suspended to avoid encouraging the ongoing infectious process?
Empagliflozin is a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) located in the kidney. SGLT-2 is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen. Inhibition of this transporter reduces renal reabsorption of glucose, thus favoring its excretion with consequent glycosuria. Gliflozines include among their side effects the increased risk of non-sexually transmitted urinary and genital infections precisely due to their glycosuric effect: during pyelonephritis, suspension is desirable to avoid a worsening of the infectious clinical picture.
Erythrochotopheresis is a procedure used to separate cellular components such as red blood cells from the blood. It is used for therapeutic purposes for:
apheresis is used to isolate erythrocyte components from the blood, very often of a pathogenic nature. In both classic painful sickle cell crises and those associated with priapism we find erythrocytes with a pathological shape, the famous “sickle”, responsible for vascular stenosis. Equally with a pathological form, schitozites are found, more cellular fragments than actual erythrocytes, after the rupture of the Plasmodium from the host erythrocyte cell. In the latter case the sudden release of red blood cells leads to actual ruptures of the intracranial capillaries with consequent fever, headache up to delirium, drowsiness and coma and a quick solution to the problem is to eliminate these pathological cellular components from the blood.
During the anamnesis, the neurologist asks a key question to try to understand whether it could be a pathology of the neuromuscular plate. Which?
:do complaints worsen in the evening or after trying to exert force?:
In the case of diplopia and physical tiredness, it is appropriate to think of a pathology of the neuromuscular plaque such as myasthenia gravis
A patient comes to you complaining of fever, intense oropharyngeal pain and trismus. Observing the oropharynx, you notice that the right palatine tonsil is inflamed, significantly medialized and anteriorized. The left tonsil, however, is only inflamed. What is it about?
pertonsillar abscess
What is the treatment of atrial myxoma?
surgery
acne fulminans SX, PX, TX
Acne Fulminans. Acne fulminans is a rare and severe form of ulcerative, feverish acne. It is characterized by the sudden appearance of confluent abscesses, responsible for hemorrhagic necrosis. Leukocytosis, lymphomegaly, edema and joint pain may also occur.
TX: The treatment of this severe form of acne is generally based on the administration of isotretinoin at low doses (as a high dosage can even be harmful) and systemic corticosteroids (for the anti-inflammatory effect). Furthermore, in case of superinfection/impetiginization of the lesions, oral antibiotic therapy is advisable and in case of fever, the intake of paracetamol may be recommended.
in 2021, the average age of first birth in Italy was:
33
Which anticoagulant should be stopped on the day of the low-risk endoscopic procedure?
All anticoagulants should be discontinued before an endoscopic procedure. In the case of warfarin, if the INR is within range, a procedure can also be carried out under warfarin
Macular degeneration PX, DX
macular degeneration
leading causes of blindness in the industrialized world.
One of the earliest signs of the pathology is distorted vision of straight lines. The Amsler test is a simple test that can be used to screen. Patients with early signs of macular degeneration will describe the grid lines as broken, wavy, or distorted. The peripheral retina is not involved in visual acuity.
You see drusen on ocular fundus exam (as yellowish deposits under the retina, they are made up of lipids and proteins.)
A 72-year-old patient suffers from psoriasis vulgaris. What is the treatment of the mild form (BSA, PASI, DLQI < 10)?
corticosteroids + vitamin D analogue. The treatment of psoriasis uses topical and systemic therapies: in mild and localized psoriasis it is preferable to use therapies with topical corticosteroids and vitamin D derivatives; in the most severe forms, systemic therapy with phototherapy, systemic retinoids, methotrexate or cyclosporine A may be used