General surgery Flashcards
Paraesophageal hiatal hernia: gastric fundus/ entire stomach pass into mediastinum at the side of the esophagus, while the cardia remains fixed in its position. constitutes 8-10% of all hiatal hernias. SX: gastric volvulus. No esophagitis
Esophagitis is present in brachioesophagus hiatal hernia and sliding hiatal hernia.
What is the most frequent location of colorectal cancer?
recto sigmoid colon
At what level does colorectal cancer metastasize most?
at the liver
What is the most common type of anorectal fistula?
Intersphincteric fistulas, i.e. those that make their way between the external anal sphincter and the internal anal sphincter, are the most frequent.
What is revascularization syndrome
Revascularization syndrome or myonephropathic metabolic syndrome is the set of multiorgan harmful effects that occurs after restoring arterial flow in an area of tissue affected by acute ischemia.
SX: characterized by the release and diffusion of toxic metabolites, such as myoglobin, potassium and acid radicals coming for example from an ischemic limb after revascularization.
What is the gold standard for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis?
cholangio MRI
Acute cholangitis is initially treated with fasting, fluid therapy, analgesics and broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Subsequently, except in very mild cases that resolve with medical therapy, bile drainage is indicated.
The treatment of choice for this purpose is ERCP.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is the second line of treatment
Urgent cholecystectomy and cholecystostomy are treatment options for cholecystitis.
Cholecystectomy with exploration of the biliary tract is performed in the treatment of choledocholithiasis
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most serious complication post splenectomy
overwhelming infection
tamoxifen MOA
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
breast cancer screening compulsory between which ages
50-70
Which nerve is most likely to have been damaged during appendicectomy?
ilio inguinal
When cutting the submandibular duct, which of the following needs the most care to avoid damage?
lingual nerve
What does the concept of “FAST TRACK” or “ERAS” in surgery consist of?
A perioperative approach aimed at reducing hospital stay
In which cases is it recommended to investigate the presence of microsatellite instability due to suspicion of Lynch syndrome?
Patient of any age with synchronous colorectal tumors.
B) Patient aged <50 diagnosed with colorectal or uterine cancer.
C) Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives without familial polyposis syndromes; at least one diagnosis made before the age of 50.
D) Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in first or second degree relatives with familial polyposis syndromes regardless of age at diagnosis.
What is the first-line diagnostic test for ulcerative colitis?
X RAY