Simulation 13_2023 Flashcards
If pt has metastatic gastric cancer with HER2 mutation, treatment must be
anti HER2 drug (trastuzumab)
cisplatin, fluorouracil
T/F Bevacizumab is not used in clinical practice
T
Which serotonin receptor is characteristically blocked by second generation antipsychotics, ensuring a better tolerability profile than first generation antipsychotics?
5-HT 2A
Define: nevus sebaceous, spitz nevous, nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito, pilomatrixoma
The sebaceous nevus is a benign skin growth with 15% malignant transformation into basal cell carcinoma in adulthood
Spitz nevus histologically resembles melanomas, but its malignant potential does not exceed that of common melanocytic nevi
the nevus of Ota is a dermal melanocytic nevus present at the level of the V1 and V2 branches of the trigeminal nerve
nevus of Ito is a dermal melanocytic nevus located at the level of the shoulders, chest and upper back
pilomatrixoma is a benign neoformation of the hair appendages
The most frequent nephritis that affects children is
acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis
begins 10-15 days after infectious episode (stretococcal)
SX: arterial HTN, poor diuresis, sloping edema
Testicular torsion signs on doppler, how to diagnose, and TX
lack of vascular signal and inhomogeneity of the testicular parenchyma
Note that the diagnosis of testicular torsion is clinical: the pain associated with torsion occurs in conjunction with the absence of cremasteric reflex and/or upward retraction of the testicle.
TX: Within 6-8 hours from onset perfrom acute manual detorsion. Exploratory surgical intervention via scrotum is recommended.
Local anesthetics: Amino amides vs amino esters
amino amide: lidocaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine
amino esters: tetracaine
Which is the most specific autoantibody for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Anti-SM (found in 30% of cases). Anti-DNA SS with ic present in 90% of cases but isn’t specific.
Prior to a transplant, what is the gold standard for measuring kidney function
renal scanning (scintigraphy)
What is bullous impetigo
a superficial bacterial infection that mainly affects pediatric patients due to the production of toxin A by Staphylococcus aureus, which acts against the desmosomal proteins of keratinocytes.
leading to the formation of bubbles with serous content, which break down and transform into brown crusts.
Which patients are most likely to get dermatitis herpetiformis
those affected by celiac disease
Chicken pox is characterised by
itching, lesions such as papules, pustae and crusts.
What is Meckels diverticulum? SX? DX? TX?
the most common congenital malformation of the GI tract, is a true diverticulum
It arises from incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct and is a sacculation that arises from the antimesenteric border of the ileum. located within 80 cm of the ileocecal valve and often contains heterotopic gastric and/or pancreatic tissue.
SX: often asx, BUT can have bleeding, intestinal obstruction and inflammation (diverticulitis).
DX: Tc-99m pertechnetate scan (shows ectopic gastric mucosa)
TX: surgical resection for symptomatic diverticula
Hep B has five phases based on HBeAg, HBV DNA, GPT (ALT) values which are
Immune active phase
Inactive phase (inactive carrier)
Immune tolerant (maternal transmission)
Resolved infectoin
Status after vaccination
What is a peri-mesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage
type of SAH in which an aneurysm underlying the bleeding is not identified. It is more frequent in men unlike aneurysm SAH and has a generally benign course. It is diagnosed via skull CT as in the case of classic SAH.
voluntary drunkenness.
Accidental drunkenness
Preordained drunkenness
Habitual drunkenness
Accidental drunkenness occurs outside of the subject’s will and/or due to reasons of force majeure (art. 91.) Voluntary drunkenness does not exclude or reduce imputability (art. 92) and occurs when a person wanted to get drunk to overcome a state of sadness or forget pain and sorrow; or when he behaves carelessly and imprudently regarding the consumption of alcohol. Preordained drunkenness occurs in order to commit a crime or prepare an excuse and is an aggravating circumstance of a crime (art. 92).
Habitual drunkenness includes periodic but frequent episodes of acute inebriation, interspersed with moments of lucidity. In these cases, the sentence is increased.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a group of anticancer drugs belonging to the class of:
molecular target drugs
imatinib (used in the treatment of CML and ALL), sorafenib (used in kidney and liver cancer), sunitinib (for kidney cancer ), dabrafenib and trametinib (used in BRAF mutated melanoma).
When to transfuse blood before endoscopy
patient who is hemodynamically stable and WITHOUT underlying cardiac pathology, therefore transfusing if the Hb falls below 7 g/dl (or 70 g/L)
In the event that there is an underlying cardiac pathology (acute or chronic), one acts less sparingly, therefore it is advisable to transfuse even at hemoglobin levels <8 g/dl.
How soon should digestive endoscopy be performed in acute bleeding?
within 24 hours
Gastroscopy can be defined as urgent if performed within 12 hours, early/early if performed within 24 hours and deferred/delayed if performed after 24 hours.
it is recommended to stabilize the patient and undergo endoscopy within 24 hours.
What is posterior vitreous detachment? TX?
the separation between the posterior cortex of the vitreous and the retina.
The vitreous is tightly adhered to the retina in 3 specific points: ora serrata, optic disc and macula
Detachment of vitreous from the optic disc can produce the formation of Weiss’ ring
The traction of the vitreous on the retina causes a series of symptoms such as bright flashes and floaters, and can also cause symptomatic or non-symptomatic retinal tears.
TX: no TX for PVD alone. But urgent laser barrage within 24 hours for the retinal tears.
Signs of central arterial occlusion? TX?
vision loss
pale retina and cherry red spots on macula
TX: occular massage and paracentesis
signs of central venous occlusion? TX?
decreased vision
flame hemorrhages
TC: pan retinal photocoagulation
when is a vitrectomy indicated?
retinal detachment
vitreous hemorrhage
macular hole
MI, pneumonia, hemorrhagic proctitis, skin erythema are all consequences of radiotherapy
T
Tuberous sclerosis is associated with which urinary/genital lesion?
renal angiomyolipoma (a benign renal tumor)
Their size may lead to simple follow-up (if less than 4 cm) or embolization in case of conspicuous bleeding (greater than 4 cm).
when is neoadjuvant therapy given?
its chemotherapy done before surgery to shrink or slow the spread of cancer to make surgery less invasive
when is adjuvent chemotherapy done
after surgery to kill any remaining cells to reduce risk of recurrence
Heyde syndrome is
the association of aortic stenosis and duodenal angiodysplasias (acquired von willebrands disease)
Fracture of which anatomical region most commonly presents with anatomical snuffbox pain?
scaphoid
cacchi ricci disease is aka
kidney with sponge medulla
It is a rare autosomal dominant disease. The discovery is usually made via renal ultrasound and is associated with the presence of stones.