Review questions/AIMS exercises Flashcards
T/F The left vagus nerve descends anterior to the aortic arch
T
The left vagus travels anterior to the aortic arch (behind the primary left bronchus and into the esophagus)
The right vagus nerve travels behind the esophagus and primary right bronchus.
Both nerves exit the jugular foramen, penetrate the carotid sheath between the internal and external carotid arteries and then pass posterolaterla to the common carotid artery.
When you give a blood transfusion, you must expect a possible decrease in the amount of ionized calcium in the plasma
T
Due to the sodium citrate preservative (anti coag) put in blood bags, citrate binds to the patient’s endogenous calcium when blood products are administered, rendering calcium inactive.
PaCO2 will not increase if the FiO2 decreases
T
Bc. PaCO2 is the O2 that has been e to exchanged CO2 in the alveolar capillaries. If the FiO2 decreases, then the PaCO2 will also decrease.
Pulmonary edema presents when capillary pressure is above
25 mmHg
the thoracic duct drains into the
left subcalvian vein
It drains the lypmh from the entire right side of the body
Morgagni hernia
are rare congenital parasternal diaphragmatic defects that can lead to bowel obstruction and incarceration if not repaired.
Which drug is used to perform the stress test on the fetus?
oxytocin
the stress test is done when you have an ambiguous cardiotocographic pattern
A newborn is diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome using cardiac color Doppler ultrasound. What is the classic cause of this congenital heart disease?
mitro-aortic atresia (narrowing)
Associated with patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect.
MUST CLOSE PDA WITH PROSTAGALNDIN INFUSION
A loud, single 2nd heart sound (S2) and a nonspecific systolic murmur are common.
The definitive treatment is surgical correction or heart transplant.
85% of superior vena cava syndrome is due to lung cancer
T
Superior vena cava syndrome is a set of symptoms caused by impaired blood flow between the superior vena cava and the right atrium.
It is an oncological emergency that is treated with radiotherapy.
Magnesium sulphate is indicated for which arrhythmias?
Mg is a membrane stabiliser.
ventricular arrythmias
torsade de pointes
pre-eclampsia to prevent convulsion episodes
A 12-year-old boy goes to the periodic medical check-up to obtain competitive sports eligibility. On auscultation, a soft ejection systolic murmur is detected in the left 2nd intercostal space, associated with constant splitting of the 2nd tone. What is the first suspected diagnosis?
atrial septal defect
An elderly man goes to his GP because he fainted the day before and now feels a little dizzy. He feels a strange sensation of fluttering wings in his chest. During the ECG, the patient loses consciousness and then regains it immediately. What could be the most probable pathology?
sinus node disease
Anaphylactic shock is characterized by:
HR
BP
JVP
Hypotension, tachycardia, central venous pressure (CVP) reduced
Congestion is the first stage of lobar pneumonia,The next stage is called red hepatization, referring to the liver-like appearance of the thickened lung, he next stage is represented by gray hepatization, The final stage is represented by resolution,
T
mong the drugs listed above, the one that can most cause QT prolongation is sotalol. This alteration can trigger torsades de pointes which can be promptly treated with IV magnesium. under conditions of hemodynamic stability. If the patient is hemodynamically unstable, he must be electrically cardioverted. Flecainide and amiodarone also have QT prolonging effects but to a less significant extent than sotalol.
T
Pleural effusions are commonly associated with pneumonia and should be treated with thoracentesis to determine whether the pleural fluid is infected. In order to prevent these complications, it is recommended that all pleural effusions larger than 10 mm undergo thoracentesis. If the pleural fluid pH is less than 7.20 or the pleural fluid glucose is less than 60 mg/dl, placing a drainage tube is indicated.
T
Taking which drug during pregnancy could cause the onset of Ebstein’s anomaly?
lithium
Ebstein’s malformation is a congenital heart disease characterized by the dislocation towards the tip of the right ventricle of the septal and inferior leaflets of the tricuspid valve, normally located at the level of the atrioventricular junction.
A patient’s chest x-ray shows “eggshell” mediastinal calcifications. What will be the most likely diagnosis?
Eggshell adenopathies are a very indicative and important manifestation given that there are very few pathologies that produce such an effect: silicosis, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. The main population-level cause (population attributable risk) of “eggshell” adenopathies is silicosis.
Mr. Andrea, 74 years old, visits you due to dyspnea. The dyspnea appears to be worsening in the last 10 days. On auscultation he presents a diastolic murmur which can be appreciated very well at the level of the focus of Erb. What do we suspect?
aortic valve insuff
The most characteristic auscultational finding of aortic insufficiency is a high-frequency early diastolic murmur that decreases until the end of diastole. It can be heard well at the level of the aortic focus and the focus of Erb (third intercostal space at the level of the left sternal margin). It is easier to hear the murmur during forced expiration and with the patient leaning forward.
The presence of a QRS morphology with RR’ in the right precordial leads (V1-V2) lasting less than 120msec tends towards an intraventricular conduction delay of the incomplete right bundle branch block type
t
Francesca, a girl suffering from PCOS comes to your clinic. She says she takes various drugs and in particular an antiandrogen to treat hirsutism, but she doesn’t remember the name of it. What will this drug likely be?
Cyproterone acetate
a steroid used in combination with ethinyl estradiol to treat women with severe acne and symptoms of androgenization.
A bronchopathic patient goes to the doctor for a routine check-up. Upon inspection of the chest, the so-called “Schweninger crown” is found. What type of injury is it?
Sometimes venular telangiectasias can be found at the base of the thorax, distributed circularly in a fringe, at the level of the insertion of the diaphragm. These lesions are called “Schweninger’s crown” or “Salhi’s vascular wreath”. These findings, although more frequent in bronchopneumopaths, do not have a certain pathological significance, because they can also be found in normal subjects.
How does edentulism affect the patient’s airway management?
It makes mask ventilation more difficult but facilitates intubation. In fact, the absence of teeth, by modifying the anatomy of the face, makes it more difficult for the mask to adhere, leading to leaks, on the contrary intubation is facilitated as the opening of the mouth increases, furthermore the risk of damaging the teeth with the laryngoscope.
Wells score: signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (3 points); less likely alternative diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (3 points); tachycardia (1.5 points);** immobilization or surgery in the previous 4 weeks **(1.5 points); previous DVT/TOE (1.5 points); hemoptysis (1.5 points); neoplasm undergoing therapy or undergoing therapy in the last 6 months (1 point).
T
If the total score is greater than or equal to 4, the diagnosis of TEP is considered probable. If the total score is less than 4, the diagnosis of TEP is considered unlikely.