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Cellular Metabolism 1 > Signaling > Flashcards

Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Signal/Messenger

A
  1. cells rely on them to share information with each other
  2. Lock and key (geometrically locked)
    example: Hormone
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2
Q

Outline of signaling

A
  1. Reception - Signal received of signal
  2. Transduction- Signal is transmitted
  3. Response -Signal is received
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3
Q

What happens at the end of response?

A

Change in gene expression

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4
Q

Growth factor?

A

Something that enhances or induces growth

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5
Q

What happens in the response?

A

Activation of cellular response

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A
  1. Portion of DNA that codes information that will be active or suppressed depending on the need
  2. Genes are highly conserved between species
  3. It is not the differences in genes themselves that appear to be responsible for diversity
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7
Q

Cell fate determination

A

undifferentiated cells tale on certain fates (differentiate) during embryogenesis

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8
Q

What are the two driving forces in development

A

Cell fate determination

Morphogenesis

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9
Q

Morphogenesis

A

“Creation of ordered form”-

cell types must be organized properly into tissues, organs

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10
Q

Transcription Factors

A

changes chromatin to allow/block RNA polymerase II access to the gene

helps with gene expression

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11
Q

Primary Messenger signals …

A

stay in between cells

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12
Q

Secondary Messengers signals..

A

always inside the cells

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13
Q

Teratogens

A

Any agent that causes a structural abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy

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14
Q

Cyclopamine

A

Teratogen

blocks the action of smoothened

embryos exposed to cyclopamine are similar to those defective in Hedgehod signaling

one eye cow

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15
Q

Notch signaling- Lateral Inhibition

A

Cell express more delta on its surface that its neighbors

notch signaling in the surrounding cells inhibits the expression of genes required for neural differentiation

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16
Q

What causes the development of cancer

A

Protooncogenes

tumor supressors

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17
Q

Protooncogenes

A

Function as positive regulators of cell growth

induce tumors through gain of function

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18
Q

Tumor Suppressors

A

Function as negative regulations of cell growth

loss of function results in tumor growth

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19
Q

Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction

A
  1. GPCRs (G Protein coupled receptors)

2. Receptor Tyrosine Kinsases

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20
Q

The majority of hormone receptors belong to the family of receptors knows as

A

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

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21
Q

Peptide Hormones Vs steroid hormones

A

Peptide Hormones -can’t pass through the membrane

Steroid Hormones- hydrophobic, can pass through the cell membrane

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22
Q

Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction via hormones result in

A

regulating gene transcription

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23
Q

G protein

A

Transmembrane protein that loops around through the membrane 7 times

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24
Q

Types of receptor ligands

A
  1. Agonist ( full or partial)

2. Antagonist

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25
Q

Ligand is aniother name for

A

Primary messanger

26
Q

Largest family of proteins in the human genome

A

G protein coupled receptors

over a 1000 types

27
Q

Andrenergic Receptor

A

GPCRs

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

28
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A

GPCRs

  1. Bind acetylcholone but are GPCRs
  2. Sensitive to muscarine of poisonous mushrooms
29
Q

What are the three subunits of G proteins

A

alpha
beta
gamma

30
Q

Which G protein subunit normally bind to GDP?

A

Alpha subunit

31
Q

What normally binds to the alpha subunit?

A

GDP

32
Q

What allows the three subunits at the end of the g protein signaling to recombine

A

alpha subunit hydrolyzes GTP–>GDP

33
Q

IN G protein signaling what are the effector enzymes?

A

Adenylate Cyclase

Phosopholipase C

34
Q

What happens when GDP is replaced GTP on G protein?

A

alpha is dissociated from beta and gamma

35
Q

After Primary Messengers (ligands) bind to the membrane which enzymes increase/decrease in activity via G proteins ?

A
  1. Adenylate Cyclase
  2. phospholipase C
  3. Ca++
36
Q

cAMP

3

A
  1. cyclicAMP
  2. Secondary Messenger
  3. Made by Adenylate Cyclase
    (ATP –> cAMP)
37
Q

What does cAMP activate

A

Kinases that phosphorylate enzymes that allow physiological response
(Ex. move glucose form glycogen)

38
Q

Epinephrine

A

A Primary messenger

Can stimulate or inhibit the production of cAMP

39
Q

DAG

3

A
  1. Diacylglycerol
  2. Secondary Messenger
  3. Made by phospholipase C
40
Q

IP3

A
  1. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
  2. Secondary Messenger
  3. Made by phospholipase C
41
Q

What does IP3 do?

A
  1. Binds to the ER causing rapid release of Ca++

2. Increase in Ca++ causes the activation of protein kinases

42
Q

What does DAG do?

A
  1. Activates membrane-bound protein Kinase C
  2. That activates enzymes
  3. Leads to Cellular Response
43
Q

What makes the G protein active?

A

Binding of GTP

44
Q

Properties of secondary messengers

A
  1. small
  2. diffusible
  3. non protein
  4. work inside the cell to trigger a downstream response
45
Q

Ca++

A
  1. Secondary Messenger

2. Release from ER when IP3 binds to the membrane

46
Q

Once Ca threshold is triggered…

A
  1. Ca++ binds to Calmodulin

2. Activation of Protein Kinases

47
Q

Protein Kinases

A

enzymes that phosphorylates making things active

48
Q

Protein Kinase C and their activators

A

DAG

Ca++

49
Q

Protein Kinase A activators

A

cAMP

50
Q

Calcium/Calmodulin dependent kinases activators

A

[Ca++ calmodulin]

51
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

A
  1. Both receptors and enzymes

2. Membrane bound proteins

52
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

4 major domains

A
  1. extracellular ligand binding domain
  2. transmembrane domain
  3. intracellular tyrosine kinase domain
  4. intracellular regulatory domain
53
Q

Which receptors must dimerize before sending their signal?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

54
Q

After tyrosine kinase dimerizes

A
  1. 6 ATPs phosphorylates the dimer

2. activated relay proteins

55
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Examples

A
  1. Insulin Receptors

2. Growth Factor Receptors

56
Q

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors are used

A

In treatment of cancer

57
Q

Cytokine Receptors

A

Receptors that bind pro or anti inflammatory cytokine and control inflammation

58
Q

Which receptors increases or decreases inflammation ?

A

Cytokine Receptors

59
Q

Which receptors do not require phosphorylation?

A

Cytokine Receptors

60
Q

Example of cytokine receptors?

A

growth hormone
prolactin
erythropoietin

61
Q

Intracellular or nuclear receptors

A
  1. Not in membranes, in cytosol or in nucleus

2. Bind to hydrophobic molecules (steroid and thyroid)

Cellular Metabolism 1 (12 decks)

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