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Cellular Metabolism 1 > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the plasmalemma (plasma membrane)

3

A
  1. Separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
  2. Regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environmental.
  3. Sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid
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2
Q

Of all newborns w/ anatomical alterations…

A

50% have known cause while 50% have unknown origin.

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3
Q

_% of anatomical alteration have an environmental etiology

A

7%

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4
Q

Examples of environmental Etiology

A 
Diabetes 
Infections (Rubella)
Mechanical (radiation) 
Drugs 
Chemicals 
Alcohol
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5
Q

Teratology

A

The science of birth defects

“Terato”= monster

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6
Q

Teratogen

A

Anything that can cause a birth defect

can be a good substance just the wrong dose & time

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7
Q

Embryonic Period

A

From conception to 8 weeks

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8
Q

What happens the last week of the embryonic period?

A

Organogenesis

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9
Q

When do teratogens cause the most birth defects?

A

The embryonic period (organogenesis)

Teratogens can cause malformation of some or all of the organ system

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10
Q

_% of woman who drink while pregnant ?

Their children’s IQ?

A

30%

60

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11
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome symptoms

A

Growth Retardation
Heart Defects
Microcephaly
Mental Retardation

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12
Q

Thalidomide

A
  • Anti-nausea pill
  • Inhibits vessel development
  • Amelia (lack of limbs)
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13
Q

Amelia

A

Complete Lack of Limbs

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14
Q

What is Thalidomide currently being used to treat?

A

AIDS, Leprosy, Leukemia

considered a teratogen

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15
Q

Human Development-Outline

A
  1. Pregenesis (Progenesis/Pro-ontogenesis)
  2. Blastogenesis
  3. Organogenesis
  4. Metamorphosis
  5. Phenogenesis
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16
Q

Pregenesis (In General)

A

Developmental pre-conditions in parents allowing for successful reproduction

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17
Q

Pregenesis Step 1

A

Formation and migration of parental primordial germ cells.

First cells that form (become our gametes)

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18
Q

Pregenesis Step 2

A

Cortico-medullary differentiation of gonads in mother (ovaries) and in father (testes)

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19
Q

Pregenesis Step 3

A

Increase the number of cortico and medullary cells by mitosis

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20
Q

Pregenesis Step 4

A

Gametogenesis (Meiosis) maturation of gametes, fertilization

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21
Q

Cortico and medullary each correlate with which sex?

A

Cortico- Female

Medullary- Males

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22
Q

Migration of Parental Primordial Germ Cells

Leave and go ….

A

Leave Ectoderm and go into the yolk sac wall

? weeks

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23
Q

Migration of Parental Primordial Germ Cells

When and where do they return …

A

When they come back they cross the dorsal mesentery, where gonads are found

(4-6 weeks)

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24
Q

Teratoma

A

When Germ Cells go to extragonadal sites

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25
What can cause teratoma?
1. Chemicals are used to coordinate the migration of the germ cells, the cells are mutant 2. When primordial germ cells migrate to the wrong place 3. Defects in gastrulation (totipotent cells)
26
Meiosis
Formation of 4 daughter cells after doubling of DNA and two meiotic divisions
27
In males when does meiosis occur?
Puberty
28
In females when does Meiosis occur ?
germ cells become primary oocytes Eggs stuck in Meiosis 1 until puberty, Meiosis 2 is completed only when fertilization occurs
29
Spermatogonia
Primordial germ cells in males diploid (46 chromosomes) SPERMATOGENESIS
30
Where do spermatogonia orginate from ?
Seminiferous Tubule
31
Oogensis
Primordial Germ Cells in female Oogonia
32
All organelles come from ...
your mother
33
Follicular Cells
Give nutrients to the oocyte
34
Meiotic Nondisjunction
Irregular distribution of homologous chromosomes t
35
When does Meiotic Nondisjunction occur?
1. Cell Poles 2. Failure of paired chromosomes to separate during Anaphase I 3. Unpaired homologues to the same cell pole (aneupliod)
36
Aneuploid
product of meiosis that result in an abnormal number of chromosomes
37
Most Common Monosomy
(Meiotic Nondisjunciton) Monosomy X 99% lethal before birth
38
Most Common Trisomy before birth
(Meiotic Nondisjunciton) Trisomy 16
39
Most Common Trisomy after birth
(Meiotic Nondisjunciton) Trisomy 21 "Down Syndrome"
40
The later the Trisomy
The greater the chance of survival | 19>3
41
When does nondisjunction usually occur?
1st or 2nd meiotic division (50%) leading cause of death in early embryogenesis
42
Ovulation
Follicle Rupture Sticky Cumulus Corona Radiata -second human egg shell, outer protective layer of the ovum
43
Embryo Phase
0-8 weeks
44
Fetal Phase
8-end
45
Where do eggs get fertilized ?
ampulla of the oviduct
46
Human fertilization requires?
~200 sperm and an egg
47
Normal ejaculation contains? | Infertile?
noromal- 250,000,000 sperm infertile
48
Capacitation
Sperm in female reproductive tract : - Gains motility - Increases Metabolism - Hyaluronidase Enzymatic activity
49
Barriers Sperm must Penetrate
Corona Radiata -> Zona Pellucida -> Egg Plasma Membrane
50
Acrosome Reaction
male/sperm reaction Helps sperm navigate past Corona Radiata, Zona Pellucida, Egg Plasma Membrane
51
Cortical Reaction
Female/Oocyte Reaction. After fertilization--> increase in Calcium --> prevents polyspermy
52
Cortical granules
located under the egg plasma membrane. respond by releasing lysomesal enzymes into the space outside of the egg
53
After fertilization enzymes......
change egg membrane and zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy
54
Pronuclei
The fusion of two haploid cells (oocyte and sperm nucleus)
55
Cleavage
After Zygote forms, embryo starts mitosis cell division
56
Cleavage cell division produces
Daughter cells that are 1/2 the size as the parent 2 cells= ½ 4 cells= ¼ 8 cells=1/8
57
In cleavage individual cells are called
Blastomeres
58
Fraternal Twins
Dizygotic Two cell embryos cleave so early before the formation of placenta
59
Identical Twins
Monozygotic Share placenta
60
What are the three types of twins?
Fraternal (dizygotic) Identical (Monozygotic) Conjoined
61
Compaction
1. Outer cells flatten 2. First Overt Signs of differentiation 3. Morula is formed
62
How long does it stay a Zygote
until it becomes a two cells (now it is an embryo)
63
Compaction outer cells flatten by...
Tight junctions btwn. outer cells Gap junctions link inner cells
64
Compaction First overt sign of differentiation
Outer cells = placenta | Inner cells= fetus
65
What is a Morula ?
a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, blastula is then formed. due to compaction
66
When does a Morula form?
3-4 days post fertilization
67
Blastocyst formation depends on
Compaction and accumulation of fluid in coel
68
Result of Blastocyst
Inner Cell Mass (ICM) Blastocoel Trophoblast (These cells become the fetus)
69
Cavity inside the Blastocyst is called ?
Coel, fills up with fluid
70
When the Embryo enters the uterus...
3-4 days after fertilization Still Blastocyst Embryo encased in zona pellucida
71
Hatching
growth required escape from zona pellucida allows embryo to implant into uterus
72
In hatching what degrades the Zona Pellucida ?
Trophoblast secretes degrading enzymes Outer cells interact w/ uterine environment where uterine secretions degrade ZP
73
Hatching allows for the embryo to...
implant into the endometerum of the uterus | day 7
74
"Week of 2s"
Second week Trophoblast: Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Inner Cell Mass: Epiblast-> Amnion Cavity Hypoblast -> Yolk sac
75
What do Trophoblast differentiate into?
Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast week of 2s
76
What do Inner Cell Mass differentiate into?
Epiblast-> Amnion Cavity Hypoblast -> Yolk sac week of 2s
77
Syncytiotrophoblast
Highly invasive trophoblast cells that make the placenta
78
Yolk Sac
(hypoblastic tissue) Blood cell precursors and Primordial Germ Cells Component of Umbilicus
79
Amnion
(epiblastic tissue) Exercise and Cushion Room for the Fetus
80
Chorion
Outermost sac of placenta Exchange btwn fetal & maternal circulation
81
When does Gastrulation occur?
Week 3
82
When does the trilaminar embryo occur?
Gastrulation
83
What occurs in the of Gastrulation?
Formation of the trilaminar embryo: Epiderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
84
When does gastrulation occur?
3 weeks happens quickly
85
What occurs at the start of gastrulation?
Formation of the Primitive Streak: Node, Pit, Groove Neural Groove Neural Plate Notochord
86
When does the formation of Paraxial, Intermediate and Lateral plate mesoderm of somitomeres and somites occur?
Week 3- Gastrulation
87
What is the groove/ depression on the epiblast called?
Primitive Streak Happens during Gastrulation
88
What happens in Gastrulation
Epiblast cells detach and migrate (invaginate) between epiblast and hypoblast layers
89
How does Gastrulation begin?
With a depression on the epiblast (primitive streak)
90
Where to all three dermal layer come from?
From the Epiblast during Gastrulation
91
Corona Radiata made of
Cumulus Cells (sticky cell mass) and Hyaluronic acid
92
Zona Pellucida made of
composed of glycoproteins
93
What triggers capacitation ?
Triggered by bicarbonate in vaginal secretions ~5 hours
94
What is considered the giver of life?
Yolk Sac
95
Placental Barrier doesn't allow _______ to cross | 3
Fructose Protein Hormones Blood
96
How does gasturlation form the mesoderm germ layer?
Epiblast cells detach and migrate in between epiblast and hypoblast
97
How does gasturlation form the endoderm germ layer?
Epiblast cell migrate down and displace in the hypoblast
98
How does gasturlation form the ectoderm germ layer?
The remaining epiblast cells
99
Which germ layer is epidermis from?
Ectoderm
100
Which germ layer is hair and nails from?
Ectoderm
101
Which germ layer is sweat and mammary glands from?
Ectoderm
102
Which germ layer is Nerevous Tissue from?
Ectoderm
103
Which germ layer is Sense Organ from?
Ectoderm
104
Which germ layer is Pituitary gland from?
Ectoderm
105
Which germ layer is Lens of eye from?
Ectoderm
106
Which germ layer is Adrenal Medulla from?
Ectoderm
107
Which germ layer is salivary glands from?
Ectoderm
108
Which germ layer is Enamel of teeth from?
Ectoderm
109
Which germ layer is Epithelium of mouth from?
Ectoderm
110
Which germ layer is Epithelium of anus from?
Ectoderm
111
Which germ layer is Dermis from?
Mesoderm
112
Which germ layer is bone, cartilage, blood form?
Mesoderm
113
Which germ layer is epithelium of kidneys from?
Mesoderm
114
Which germ layer is the epithelium of gonads from?
Mesoderm
115
Which germ layer is the epithelium of vessels from?
Mesoderm
116
Which germ layer are Muscles from?
Mesoderm
117
Which germ layer is the Adrenal Cortex from ?
Mesoderm
118
Which germ layer is Mesothelium from?
Mesoderm
119
Which germ layer are Internal Reproductive Organs from?
Mesoderm
120
Which germ layer makes the Respiratory Tract?
Endoderm
121
Which germ layer makes the Epithelium of theGI tract?
Endoderm
122
Which germ layer makes the epithelium of the Bladder/Urethra ?
Endoderm
123
Which germ layer makes the liver and gallbladder?
Endoderm
124
Which germ layer makes the Thymus?
Endoderm
125
Which germ layer makes the Thyroid?
Endoderm
126
Which germ layer makes the Parathyroid?
Endoderm
127
Notochord
Created from gastrualtion. A signaling machine that is mesodermaly derived
128
What happens in the fourth week?
Neuralation
129
Neural Plate
Ectoderm induced to differentiate into neural tissue by notochordal process.
130
Neuralation
Week 4 (Brain Formation) | Neural plate folds to become a neural tube Both from ectoderm
131
Somites
Blocks of paraxial mesoderm that flank the neural tube
132
Somites form
Body and limb muscles Cartilage in vertebrae and ribs Cranial bones Dermis
133
Intermediate mesoderm forms
Urinary and parts of the genital system
134
Lateral plate mesoderm forms
Trunk only
135
Lateral plate mesoderm associated with
Endoderm (Splanchnic mesoderm) | Ectoderm (somatic mesoderm)
136
What sets up the basic body plan?
After gasturlation gene expression begins folding of the embryo
137
What two sets of folding occurs in basic body plan?
Anterior/posterior: head and tail | Lateral formation of body wall
138
Body folding types
Transverse or lateral folding | Cephalocaudal folding
139
Transverse or lateral folding
left and right sides of embryo curve toward the midline 3 germ layers fold into cylinder
140
What does transverse or lateral folding create?
trunk with endoderm internally and ectoderm externally
141
Cephalocaudal folding
Occurs in the head and tail regions
142
Cephalocaudal folding creates ...
Future head and buttocks
143
Splanchnic mesoderm form
Lateral folding 1. mesentery 2. wall of digestive tract
144
Somatic mesoderm form
Lateral folding 1. Lateral and ventral body wall 2. Mesenchyme of limb buds
145
Folding week3-4
Purse string constriction Lateral and cephalocaudal folding
146
Folding weeks3-4 causes
Head and tail folds Blind-ended foregut and hindgut
147
Neural tube derived from ...
Ectoderm
148
Where does neural tube closure begin?
midway along neural plate
149
Where do openings along the neural tube remain ?
Cranial and caudal ends
150
Neural tube closures occur at which end?
``` 1st anterior (cranial) neuropore 2nd posterior (caudal) neuropore ```
151
As the neural plate grows, what decreases?
Primitive streak
152
CNS segmentation
Brain and spine segments
153
Placodes
Thickening of ectoderm that comes from signaling derived by the nervous system
154
Mesodermal development (basic body plan)
Mesoderm morphogenesis | Extra embryonic mesoderm
155
Mesoderm morphogenesis
Paraxial mesoderm (Somites) Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm (lateral folding)
156
Extra embryonic mesoderm
Carcinogenic mesoderm | Blood and blood vessels
157
What are the three sections of mesoderm?
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
158
Paraxial mesoderm forms
Somites: muscle, bone, connective tissue of most of the body
159
Intermediate mesoderm forms
Urogenital system
160
Lateral plate mesoderm forms
Muscle of body wall digestive tract Proximal part of limbs
161
Endoderm derivatives require?
Integration btwn mesoderm and endoderm
162
What do the endoderm derivatives form? | 5
``` Digestive glands (pancreas, salivary glands) Endocrine glands(thyroid gland) Respiratory system Liver Anterior pituitary ```
163
Endoderm derivatives are a
Continuous tube from mouth to anus
164
Oropharyngeal membrane
Apoptosis allows for the stomodeum (primitive mouth) to open to the outside
165
Proctodeal membrane
Apoptosis allows for the proctodeum (primitive anus) to open to the outside

Cellular Metabolism 1 (12 decks)

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