Embryo Flashcards
Functions of the plasmalemma (plasma membrane)
3
- Separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
- Regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environmental.
- Sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid
Of all newborns w/ anatomical alterations…
50% have known cause while 50% have unknown origin.
_% of anatomical alteration have an environmental etiology
7%
Examples of environmental Etiology
Diabetes Infections (Rubella) Mechanical (radiation) Drugs Chemicals Alcohol
Teratology
The science of birth defects
“Terato”= monster
Teratogen
Anything that can cause a birth defect
can be a good substance just the wrong dose & time
Embryonic Period
From conception to 8 weeks
What happens the last week of the embryonic period?
Organogenesis
When do teratogens cause the most birth defects?
The embryonic period (organogenesis)
Teratogens can cause malformation of some or all of the organ system
_% of woman who drink while pregnant ?
Their children’s IQ?
30%
60
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome symptoms
Growth Retardation
Heart Defects
Microcephaly
Mental Retardation
Thalidomide
- Anti-nausea pill
- Inhibits vessel development
- Amelia (lack of limbs)
Amelia
Complete Lack of Limbs
What is Thalidomide currently being used to treat?
AIDS, Leprosy, Leukemia
considered a teratogen
Human Development-Outline
- Pregenesis (Progenesis/Pro-ontogenesis)
- Blastogenesis
- Organogenesis
- Metamorphosis
- Phenogenesis
Pregenesis (In General)
Developmental pre-conditions in parents allowing for successful reproduction
Pregenesis Step 1
Formation and migration of parental primordial germ cells.
First cells that form (become our gametes)
Pregenesis Step 2
Cortico-medullary differentiation of gonads in mother (ovaries) and in father (testes)
Pregenesis Step 3
Increase the number of cortico and medullary cells by mitosis
Pregenesis Step 4
Gametogenesis (Meiosis) maturation of gametes, fertilization
Cortico and medullary each correlate with which sex?
Cortico- Female
Medullary- Males
Migration of Parental Primordial Germ Cells
Leave and go ….
Leave Ectoderm and go into the yolk sac wall
? weeks
Migration of Parental Primordial Germ Cells
When and where do they return …
When they come back they cross the dorsal mesentery, where gonads are found
(4-6 weeks)
Teratoma
When Germ Cells go to extragonadal sites
What can cause teratoma?
- Chemicals are used to coordinate the migration of the germ cells, the cells are mutant
- When primordial germ cells migrate to the wrong place
- Defects in gastrulation (totipotent cells)
Meiosis
Formation of 4 daughter cells after doubling of DNA and two meiotic divisions
In males when does meiosis occur?
Puberty
In females when does Meiosis occur ?
germ cells become primary oocytes
Eggs stuck in Meiosis 1 until puberty, Meiosis 2 is completed only when fertilization occurs
Spermatogonia
Primordial germ cells in males diploid (46 chromosomes)
SPERMATOGENESIS
Where do spermatogonia orginate from ?
Seminiferous Tubule
Oogensis
Primordial Germ Cells in female Oogonia
All organelles come from …
your mother
Follicular Cells
Give nutrients to the oocyte
Meiotic Nondisjunction
Irregular distribution of homologous chromosomes t
When does Meiotic Nondisjunction occur?
- Cell Poles
- Failure of paired chromosomes to separate during Anaphase I
- Unpaired homologues to the same cell pole (aneupliod)
Aneuploid
product of meiosis that result in an abnormal number of chromosomes
Most Common Monosomy
(Meiotic Nondisjunciton)
Monosomy X
99% lethal before birth
Most Common Trisomy before birth
(Meiotic Nondisjunciton)
Trisomy 16
Most Common Trisomy after birth
(Meiotic Nondisjunciton)
Trisomy 21 “Down Syndrome”
The later the Trisomy
The greater the chance of survival
19>3
When does nondisjunction usually occur?
1st or 2nd meiotic division
(50%)
leading cause of death in early embryogenesis
Ovulation
Follicle Rupture
Sticky Cumulus Corona Radiata -second human egg shell, outer protective layer of the ovum
Embryo Phase
0-8 weeks
Fetal Phase
8-end
Where do eggs get fertilized ?
ampulla of the oviduct
Human fertilization requires?
~200 sperm and an egg
Normal ejaculation contains?
Infertile?
noromal- 250,000,000 sperm
infertile
Capacitation
Sperm in female reproductive tract :
- Gains motility
- Increases Metabolism
- Hyaluronidase Enzymatic activity
Barriers Sperm must Penetrate
Corona Radiata ->
Zona Pellucida ->
Egg Plasma Membrane
Acrosome Reaction
male/sperm reaction
Helps sperm navigate past Corona Radiata, Zona Pellucida, Egg Plasma Membrane
Cortical Reaction
Female/Oocyte Reaction.
After fertilization–> increase in Calcium –> prevents polyspermy
Cortical granules
located under the egg plasma membrane.
respond by releasing lysomesal enzymes into the space outside of the egg
After fertilization enzymes……
change egg membrane and zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy
Pronuclei
The fusion of two haploid cells (oocyte and sperm nucleus)
Cleavage
After Zygote forms, embryo starts mitosis cell division
Cleavage cell division produces
Daughter cells that are 1/2 the size as the parent
2 cells= ½
4 cells= ¼
8 cells=1/8
In cleavage individual cells are called
Blastomeres
Fraternal Twins
Dizygotic
Two cell embryos cleave so early before the formation of placenta
Identical Twins
Monozygotic
Share placenta
What are the three types of twins?
Fraternal (dizygotic)
Identical (Monozygotic)
Conjoined
Compaction
- Outer cells flatten
- First Overt Signs of differentiation
- Morula is formed
How long does it stay a Zygote
until it becomes a two cells (now it is an embryo)
Compaction
outer cells flatten by…
Tight junctions btwn. outer cells
Gap junctions link inner cells
Compaction
First overt sign of differentiation
Outer cells = placenta
Inner cells= fetus
What is a Morula ?
a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, blastula is then formed.
due to compaction
When does a Morula form?
3-4 days post fertilization
Blastocyst formation depends on
Compaction and accumulation of fluid in coel
Result of Blastocyst
Inner Cell Mass (ICM)
Blastocoel
Trophoblast
(These cells become the fetus)
Cavity inside the Blastocyst is called ?
Coel, fills up with fluid
When the Embryo enters the uterus…
3-4 days after fertilization
Still Blastocyst
Embryo encased in zona pellucida
Hatching
growth required escape from zona pellucida
allows embryo to implant into uterus
In hatching what degrades the Zona Pellucida ?
Trophoblast secretes degrading enzymes
Outer cells interact w/ uterine environment where uterine secretions degrade ZP
Hatching allows for the embryo to…
implant into the endometerum of the uterus
day 7
“Week of 2s”
Second week
Trophoblast:
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Inner Cell Mass:
Epiblast-> Amnion Cavity
Hypoblast -> Yolk sac
What do Trophoblast differentiate into?
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
week of 2s
What do Inner Cell Mass differentiate into?
Epiblast-> Amnion Cavity
Hypoblast -> Yolk sac
week of 2s
Syncytiotrophoblast
Highly invasive trophoblast cells that make the placenta
Yolk Sac
(hypoblastic tissue)
Blood cell precursors and Primordial Germ Cells
Component of Umbilicus
Amnion
(epiblastic tissue)
Exercise and Cushion Room for the Fetus
Chorion
Outermost sac of placenta
Exchange btwn fetal & maternal circulation
When does Gastrulation occur?
Week 3
When does the trilaminar embryo occur?
Gastrulation
What occurs in the of Gastrulation?
Formation of the trilaminar embryo:
Epiderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
When does gastrulation occur?
3 weeks
happens quickly
What occurs at the start of gastrulation?
Formation of the Primitive Streak: Node, Pit, Groove
Neural Groove
Neural Plate
Notochord
When does the formation of Paraxial, Intermediate and Lateral plate mesoderm of somitomeres and somites occur?
Week 3- Gastrulation
What is the groove/ depression on the epiblast called?
Primitive Streak
Happens during Gastrulation
What happens in Gastrulation
Epiblast cells detach and migrate (invaginate) between epiblast and hypoblast layers
How does Gastrulation begin?
With a depression on the epiblast (primitive streak)
Where to all three dermal layer come from?
From the Epiblast during Gastrulation
Corona Radiata made of
Cumulus Cells (sticky cell mass) and Hyaluronic acid
Zona Pellucida made of
composed of glycoproteins
What triggers capacitation ?
Triggered by bicarbonate in vaginal secretions ~5 hours
What is considered the giver of life?
Yolk Sac
Placental Barrier doesn’t allow _______ to cross
3
Fructose
Protein Hormones
Blood
How does gasturlation form the mesoderm germ layer?
Epiblast cells detach and migrate in between epiblast and hypoblast
How does gasturlation form the endoderm germ layer?
Epiblast cell migrate down and displace in the hypoblast
How does gasturlation form the ectoderm germ layer?
The remaining epiblast cells
Which germ layer is epidermis from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is hair and nails from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is sweat and mammary glands from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Nerevous Tissue from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Sense Organ from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Pituitary gland from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Lens of eye from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Adrenal Medulla from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is salivary glands from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Enamel of teeth from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Epithelium of mouth from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Epithelium of anus from?
Ectoderm
Which germ layer is Dermis from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer is bone, cartilage, blood form?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer is epithelium of kidneys from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer is the epithelium of gonads from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer is the epithelium of vessels from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer are Muscles from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer is the Adrenal Cortex from ?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer is Mesothelium from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer are Internal Reproductive Organs from?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer makes the Respiratory Tract?
Endoderm
Which germ layer makes the Epithelium of theGI tract?
Endoderm
Which germ layer makes the epithelium of the Bladder/Urethra ?
Endoderm
Which germ layer makes the liver and gallbladder?
Endoderm
Which germ layer makes the Thymus?
Endoderm
Which germ layer makes the Thyroid?
Endoderm
Which germ layer makes the Parathyroid?
Endoderm
Notochord
Created from gastrualtion.
A signaling machine that is mesodermaly derived
What happens in the fourth week?
Neuralation
Neural Plate
Ectoderm induced to differentiate into neural tissue by notochordal process.
Neuralation
Week 4 (Brain Formation)
Neural plate folds to become a neural tube
Both from ectoderm
Somites
Blocks of paraxial mesoderm that flank the neural tube
Somites form
Body and limb muscles
Cartilage in vertebrae and ribs
Cranial bones
Dermis
Intermediate mesoderm forms
Urinary and parts of the genital system
Lateral plate mesoderm forms
Trunk only
Lateral plate mesoderm associated with
Endoderm (Splanchnic mesoderm)
Ectoderm (somatic mesoderm)
What sets up the basic body plan?
After gasturlation gene expression begins folding of the embryo
What two sets of folding occurs in basic body plan?
Anterior/posterior: head and tail
Lateral formation of body wall
Body folding types
Transverse or lateral folding
Cephalocaudal folding
Transverse or lateral folding
left and right sides of embryo curve toward the midline
3 germ layers fold into cylinder
What does transverse or lateral folding create?
trunk with endoderm internally and ectoderm externally
Cephalocaudal folding
Occurs in the head and tail regions
Cephalocaudal folding creates …
Future head and buttocks
Splanchnic mesoderm form
Lateral folding
- mesentery
- wall of digestive tract
Somatic mesoderm form
Lateral folding
- Lateral and ventral body wall
- Mesenchyme of limb buds
Folding week3-4
Purse string constriction
Lateral and cephalocaudal folding
Folding weeks3-4 causes
Head and tail folds
Blind-ended foregut and hindgut
Neural tube derived from …
Ectoderm
Where does neural tube closure begin?
midway along neural plate
Where do openings along the neural tube remain ?
Cranial and caudal ends
Neural tube closures occur at which end?
1st anterior (cranial) neuropore 2nd posterior (caudal) neuropore
As the neural plate grows, what decreases?
Primitive streak
CNS segmentation
Brain and spine segments
Placodes
Thickening of ectoderm that comes from signaling derived by the nervous system
Mesodermal development (basic body plan)
Mesoderm morphogenesis
Extra embryonic mesoderm
Mesoderm morphogenesis
Paraxial mesoderm (Somites)
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm (lateral folding)
Extra embryonic mesoderm
Carcinogenic mesoderm
Blood and blood vessels
What are the three sections of mesoderm?
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm forms
Somites: muscle, bone, connective tissue of most of the body
Intermediate mesoderm forms
Urogenital system
Lateral plate mesoderm forms
Muscle of body wall
digestive tract
Proximal part of limbs
Endoderm derivatives require?
Integration btwn mesoderm and endoderm
What do the endoderm derivatives form?
5
Digestive glands (pancreas, salivary glands) Endocrine glands(thyroid gland) Respiratory system Liver Anterior pituitary
Endoderm derivatives are a
Continuous tube from mouth to anus
Oropharyngeal membrane
Apoptosis allows for the stomodeum (primitive mouth) to open to the outside
Proctodeal membrane
Apoptosis allows for the proctodeum (primitive anus) to open to the outside