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Cellular Metabolism 1 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscopy

A

Visible light and lenses

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2
Q

Brightfield (unstained)

A

Passes light directly through specimen

Little contrast in poorly pigmented cells

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3
Q

Brightfield (stained specimen)

A

Staining with various dyes enhances contrast

staining procedures require that cells be fixed (preserved)

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4
Q

Phase-contrast

A

Enhances contrast In unstained cells by amplifying variations in destiny within specimen

Useful for examining living unpigmented cells

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5
Q

Fluorescence

A

Shows specific locations of molecules in the cell via tagging w/ fluorescent dyes/antibodies

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6
Q

Confocal

A

Uses lasers and optics for sectioning fluorescetly stained specimen

Only single plane illuminated

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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Beams of electrons have smaller wavelengths wich makes a better picture than light microscopes

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8
Q

Form follows

A

Function

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9
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells especially for diagnosis of abnormalities

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10
Q

Prokaryotic

A

No nucleus
Small simple organelles (no membranes)
Have plasma membranes

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11
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Membrane bound nucleus

Larger, has organelles

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12
Q

Pilli

A

Sex organs of prokaryotes

How they share genetic information

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13
Q

Double membrane bound organelle

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

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14
Q

Single membrane bound organelle

A 
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes 
Peroxisomes 
Phagosomes
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15
Q

Organelles not bound by membranes

A

Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Amphipathic

Selective barrier- transportation and secretion

Fluid mosaic

Transmembrane proteins

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17
Q

Plasma membrane is concidered an

A

Organelle

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18
Q

Amphipathic

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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19
Q

Flip flop in plasma membrane

A

Doesn’t occur as much because it has to go across phobic and philic regions

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20
Q

What keeps the plasma membrane fluid

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Tails with kink

Fluid

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22
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

No kinks

Viscous

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23
Q

Specialization of plasma membrane ?

A

Microvilli

Glycocalyx- helps ID cells as self

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24
Q

Junctions

A

Specialized anchorage points between cells

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25
Q

Tight junctions

A

The membranes of neighboring cells are tightly linked to each other

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26
Q

Desmosomes

A

Loose junctions

Function like rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets

Intermediate filaments anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm

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27
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions

Cytoplasmic channels btwn cells

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28
Q

The nucleus

A

DNA
Proteins
RNA

Double membrane organ

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29
Q

DNA proteins

A

Histones

Transcription factors

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30
Q

Nucleolus

A

rRNA made and packages here

Ribosomes are assembled

31
Q

DNA
Heterochromatin
Euromaidan

A

Black, dense DNA

Loose and easily accessible DNA

32
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of rRNA
Make protein

There are free floating and membrane bound

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Detoxification (a lot in liver)

Ion storage (muscles-calcium)

Where phospholipids are made and new membranes are synthesized

34
Q

Rough ER

A

Protein synthesis

Continuous with nuclear envelope

35
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packing and distribution center of the cell

ERGIC

36
Q

ERGIC

A

endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment

37
Q

Endomembrane system

A

ER->Golgi ->outside of cell

Cis Golgi ->trans Golgi

38
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosoland the all the organelles except the nucleus

39
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid or aqueous part of the cell

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse
Liberates ATP energy
Makes 37 of its own protein
Has its own DNA (from your mom)

41
Q

Endosomal compartments

A

Trafficking vesicles

Endosomes
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Recycling compartments

42
Q

The cytoskeleton

A

Cell shape
Locomotion
Provides means of intracellular trafficking

43
Q

Cytoskeleton made of

A

Microfilaments (actin)
Microtubules (largest)
Intermediate filaments

44
Q

Microfilaments structure and functions

A

Arranged in a parellel fashion

Cell motility
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Anchoring to integral proteins

45
Q

Microtubules structure and functions

A

Alpha and beta tubulin monomers

Cilia
Flagella
Mitotic spindle
Microtubule Associated proteins (maps, stabilization)

46
Q

MTOC

A

Microtubule organizational center

Centrosome comprised of two centrioles

47
Q

Intermediate filaments function

A

Purely structural and cell specific

48
Q

DNA replication enzymes

A

Helicase- unwinds the DNA helix

DNA polymerase-build DNA 5’ ->3’

Primate- primes with RNA primer

Ligase- connects the lagging strand pieces of DNA together

49
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA ->RNA ->protein

50
Q

Translation

A

RNA -> protein

51
Q

Transcription

A

DNA ->RNA

52
Q

Gene expression

A

Is the total number of active genes in cells and inactive genes

53
Q

Pancreas cells and gene expression

A

Alpha cells

Beta cells

54
Q

Blood cells and gene expression of cells

A

White blood cells and red cells

55
Q

Role of DNA in protein synthesis

A

DNA stores genetic info for proteins

Proteins determine cell structure and function

56
Q

To mRNA

A

Addition of 5’ cap and poly a tail

Removal of introns and selection of exons

57
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

Lipid soluble and can pass through the membrane rapidly

58
Q

Polar molecules

A

Do not cross the membrane rapidly , need transport proteins

59
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Helps larger, polar and charged molecules across the membrane

Molecules travel down a concentration gradient

60
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

Simple diffusion (down concentration gradient)

Slow because of lock and key

Carrier proteins can be regulated by signals and hormones

61
Q

Active transport

A

Simple diffusion (down concentration gradient)

Slow because of lock and key

Carrier proteins can be regulated by signals and hormones

62
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Try to transport large portions of molecules

63
Q

Bulk transport

Endocytosis types

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

64
Q

Bulk transport types

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

65
Q

The cell cycle

A

G0- some cells stay forever to just do their job (muscles and neurons don’t divide)

G1- intense protein synthesis (longest)

S- DNA synthesis

G2- make sure cylio dependent kinase build more proteins

Mitosis +Cytokinesis (shortest)

66
Q

G2 of interphase

A

DNA spreads out

67
Q

Prophase

A

DNA condenses
Nuclear envelope forms
Make mitotic spindles

68
Q

Metaphase

A

Where all chromosomes line up along a line

69
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate , they are identical

70
Q

Telophase And cytokinesis

A

Destroy spindle fibers
Loosens the cell
Forms new membrane

71
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

72
Q

Necrosis

A

Pathological uncontrolled cell death. Hinders function

73
Q

Mitosis steps

A 
G2 of interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis

Cellular Metabolism 1 (12 decks)

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