Cytology Flashcards
Light microscopy
Visible light and lenses
Brightfield (unstained)
Passes light directly through specimen
Little contrast in poorly pigmented cells
Brightfield (stained specimen)
Staining with various dyes enhances contrast
staining procedures require that cells be fixed (preserved)
Phase-contrast
Enhances contrast In unstained cells by amplifying variations in destiny within specimen
Useful for examining living unpigmented cells
Fluorescence
Shows specific locations of molecules in the cell via tagging w/ fluorescent dyes/antibodies
Confocal
Uses lasers and optics for sectioning fluorescetly stained specimen
Only single plane illuminated
Electron microscope
Beams of electrons have smaller wavelengths wich makes a better picture than light microscopes
Form follows
Function
Cytology
Study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells especially for diagnosis of abnormalities
Prokaryotic
No nucleus
Small simple organelles (no membranes)
Have plasma membranes
Eukaryotic
Membrane bound nucleus
Larger, has organelles
Pilli
Sex organs of prokaryotes
How they share genetic information
Double membrane bound organelle
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Single membrane bound organelle
ER Golgi Lysosomes Peroxisomes Phagosomes
Organelles not bound by membranes
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane
Amphipathic
Selective barrier- transportation and secretion
Fluid mosaic
Transmembrane proteins
Plasma membrane is concidered an
Organelle
Amphipathic
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Flip flop in plasma membrane
Doesn’t occur as much because it has to go across phobic and philic regions
What keeps the plasma membrane fluid
Cholesterol
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Tails with kink
Fluid
Saturated hydrocarbons
No kinks
Viscous
Specialization of plasma membrane ?
Microvilli
Glycocalyx- helps ID cells as self
Junctions
Specialized anchorage points between cells
Tight junctions
The membranes of neighboring cells are tightly linked to each other
Desmosomes
Loose junctions
Function like rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets
Intermediate filaments anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm
Gap junctions
Communicating junctions
Cytoplasmic channels btwn cells
The nucleus
DNA
Proteins
RNA
Double membrane organ
DNA proteins
Histones
Transcription factors
Nucleolus
rRNA made and packages here
Ribosomes are assembled
DNA
Heterochromatin
Euromaidan
Black, dense DNA
Loose and easily accessible DNA
Ribosomes
Made of rRNA
Make protein
There are free floating and membrane bound
Smooth ER
Detoxification (a lot in liver)
Ion storage (muscles-calcium)
Where phospholipids are made and new membranes are synthesized
Rough ER
Protein synthesis
Continuous with nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Packing and distribution center of the cell
ERGIC
ERGIC
endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment
Endomembrane system
ER->Golgi ->outside of cell
Cis Golgi ->trans Golgi
Cytoplasm
Cytosoland the all the organelles except the nucleus
Cytosol
Liquid or aqueous part of the cell
Mitochondria
Powerhouse
Liberates ATP energy
Makes 37 of its own protein
Has its own DNA (from your mom)
Endosomal compartments
Trafficking vesicles
Endosomes
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Recycling compartments
The cytoskeleton
Cell shape
Locomotion
Provides means of intracellular trafficking
Cytoskeleton made of
Microfilaments (actin)
Microtubules (largest)
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments structure and functions
Arranged in a parellel fashion
Cell motility
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Anchoring to integral proteins
Microtubules structure and functions
Alpha and beta tubulin monomers
Cilia
Flagella
Mitotic spindle
Microtubule Associated proteins (maps, stabilization)
MTOC
Microtubule organizational center
Centrosome comprised of two centrioles
Intermediate filaments function
Purely structural and cell specific
DNA replication enzymes
Helicase- unwinds the DNA helix
DNA polymerase-build DNA 5’ ->3’
Primate- primes with RNA primer
Ligase- connects the lagging strand pieces of DNA together
Central dogma
DNA ->RNA ->protein
Translation
RNA -> protein
Transcription
DNA ->RNA
Gene expression
Is the total number of active genes in cells and inactive genes
Pancreas cells and gene expression
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Blood cells and gene expression of cells
White blood cells and red cells
Role of DNA in protein synthesis
DNA stores genetic info for proteins
Proteins determine cell structure and function
To mRNA
Addition of 5’ cap and poly a tail
Removal of introns and selection of exons
Hydrophobic molecules
Lipid soluble and can pass through the membrane rapidly
Polar molecules
Do not cross the membrane rapidly , need transport proteins
Simple diffusion
Helps larger, polar and charged molecules across the membrane
Molecules travel down a concentration gradient
Carrier-mediated transport
Simple diffusion (down concentration gradient)
Slow because of lock and key
Carrier proteins can be regulated by signals and hormones
Active transport
Simple diffusion (down concentration gradient)
Slow because of lock and key
Carrier proteins can be regulated by signals and hormones
Vesicular transport
Try to transport large portions of molecules
Bulk transport
Endocytosis types
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Bulk transport types
Endocytosis and exocytosis
The cell cycle
G0- some cells stay forever to just do their job (muscles and neurons don’t divide)
G1- intense protein synthesis (longest)
S- DNA synthesis
G2- make sure cylio dependent kinase build more proteins
Mitosis +Cytokinesis (shortest)
G2 of interphase
DNA spreads out
Prophase
DNA condenses
Nuclear envelope forms
Make mitotic spindles
Metaphase
Where all chromosomes line up along a line
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate , they are identical
Telophase And cytokinesis
Destroy spindle fibers
Loosens the cell
Forms new membrane
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Necrosis
Pathological uncontrolled cell death. Hinders function
Mitosis steps
G2 of interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
