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Cellular Metabolism 1 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscopy

A

Visible light and lenses

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2
Q

Brightfield (unstained)

A

Passes light directly through specimen

Little contrast in poorly pigmented cells

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3
Q

Brightfield (stained specimen)

A

Staining with various dyes enhances contrast

staining procedures require that cells be fixed (preserved)

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4
Q

Phase-contrast

A

Enhances contrast In unstained cells by amplifying variations in destiny within specimen

Useful for examining living unpigmented cells

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5
Q

Fluorescence

A

Shows specific locations of molecules in the cell via tagging w/ fluorescent dyes/antibodies

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6
Q

Confocal

A

Uses lasers and optics for sectioning fluorescetly stained specimen

Only single plane illuminated

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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Beams of electrons have smaller wavelengths wich makes a better picture than light microscopes

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8
Q

Form follows

A

Function

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9
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells especially for diagnosis of abnormalities

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10
Q

Prokaryotic

A

No nucleus
Small simple organelles (no membranes)
Have plasma membranes

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11
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Membrane bound nucleus

Larger, has organelles

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12
Q

Pilli

A

Sex organs of prokaryotes

How they share genetic information

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13
Q

Double membrane bound organelle

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

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14
Q

Single membrane bound organelle

A 
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes 
Peroxisomes 
Phagosomes
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15
Q

Organelles not bound by membranes

A

Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Amphipathic

Selective barrier- transportation and secretion

Fluid mosaic

Transmembrane proteins

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17
Q

Plasma membrane is concidered an

A

Organelle

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18
Q

Amphipathic

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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19
Q

Flip flop in plasma membrane

A

Doesn’t occur as much because it has to go across phobic and philic regions

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20
Q

What keeps the plasma membrane fluid

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Tails with kink

Fluid

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22
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

No kinks

Viscous

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23
Q

Specialization of plasma membrane ?

A

Microvilli

Glycocalyx- helps ID cells as self

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24
Q

Junctions

A

Specialized anchorage points between cells

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25
Tight junctions
The membranes of neighboring cells are tightly linked to each other
26
Desmosomes
Loose junctions Function like rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets Intermediate filaments anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm
27
Gap junctions
Communicating junctions Cytoplasmic channels btwn cells
28
The nucleus
DNA Proteins RNA Double membrane organ
29
DNA proteins
Histones | Transcription factors
30
Nucleolus
rRNA made and packages here Ribosomes are assembled
31
DNA Heterochromatin Euromaidan
Black, dense DNA | Loose and easily accessible DNA
32
Ribosomes
Made of rRNA Make protein There are free floating and membrane bound
33
Smooth ER
Detoxification (a lot in liver) Ion storage (muscles-calcium) Where phospholipids are made and new membranes are synthesized
34
Rough ER
Protein synthesis | Continuous with nuclear envelope
35
Golgi apparatus
Packing and distribution center of the cell ERGIC
36
ERGIC
endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment
37
Endomembrane system
ER->Golgi ->outside of cell Cis Golgi ->trans Golgi
38
Cytoplasm
Cytosoland the all the organelles except the nucleus
39
Cytosol
Liquid or aqueous part of the cell
40
Mitochondria
Powerhouse Liberates ATP energy Makes 37 of its own protein Has its own DNA (from your mom)
41
Endosomal compartments
Trafficking vesicles Endosomes Lysosomes Peroxisomes Recycling compartments
42
The cytoskeleton
Cell shape Locomotion Provides means of intracellular trafficking
43
Cytoskeleton made of
Microfilaments (actin) Microtubules (largest) Intermediate filaments
44
Microfilaments structure and functions
Arranged in a parellel fashion Cell motility Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Anchoring to integral proteins
45
Microtubules structure and functions
Alpha and beta tubulin monomers Cilia Flagella Mitotic spindle Microtubule Associated proteins (maps, stabilization)
46
MTOC
Microtubule organizational center | Centrosome comprised of two centrioles
47
Intermediate filaments function
Purely structural and cell specific
48
DNA replication enzymes
Helicase- unwinds the DNA helix DNA polymerase-build DNA 5' ->3' Primate- primes with RNA primer Ligase- connects the lagging strand pieces of DNA together
49
Central dogma
DNA ->RNA ->protein
50
Translation
RNA -> protein
51
Transcription
DNA ->RNA
52
Gene expression
Is the total number of active genes in cells and inactive genes
53
Pancreas cells and gene expression
Alpha cells | Beta cells
54
Blood cells and gene expression of cells
White blood cells and red cells
55
Role of DNA in protein synthesis
DNA stores genetic info for proteins | Proteins determine cell structure and function
56
To mRNA
Addition of 5' cap and poly a tail | Removal of introns and selection of exons
57
Hydrophobic molecules
Lipid soluble and can pass through the membrane rapidly
58
Polar molecules
Do not cross the membrane rapidly , need transport proteins
59
Simple diffusion
Helps larger, polar and charged molecules across the membrane Molecules travel down a concentration gradient
60
Carrier-mediated transport
Simple diffusion (down concentration gradient) Slow because of lock and key Carrier proteins can be regulated by signals and hormones
61
Active transport
Simple diffusion (down concentration gradient) Slow because of lock and key Carrier proteins can be regulated by signals and hormones
62
Vesicular transport
Try to transport large portions of molecules
63
Bulk transport Endocytosis types
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis
64
Bulk transport types
Endocytosis and exocytosis
65
The cell cycle
G0- some cells stay forever to just do their job (muscles and neurons don't divide) G1- intense protein synthesis (longest) S- DNA synthesis G2- make sure cylio dependent kinase build more proteins Mitosis +Cytokinesis (shortest)
66
G2 of interphase
DNA spreads out
67
Prophase
DNA condenses Nuclear envelope forms Make mitotic spindles
68
Metaphase
Where all chromosomes line up along a line
69
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate , they are identical
70
Telophase And cytokinesis
Destroy spindle fibers Loosens the cell Forms new membrane
71
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
72
Necrosis
Pathological uncontrolled cell death. Hinders function
73
Mitosis steps
``` G2 of interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ```

Cellular Metabolism 1 (12 decks)

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