Sheep and Goat Reproduction Flashcards
What is the length of the estrous cycle in the sheep?
In the goat?
sheep - 17 days
goat - 21 days
What is the length of estrus in the sheep?
In the goat?
sheep - 30 hours
goat - 36 hours
What is the length of gestation in the sheep?
In the goat?
sheep - 147 days
goat - 150 days
What is the source of P4 in the sheep?
In the goat?
sheep - placenta
goat - CL
What is flushing?
increasing nutrient uptake by 20-30% 2-3 weeks prior to breeding
What hormone is responsible for maternal recognition?
interferon tau
What type of placenta does the sheep and goat have?
cotyledonary epitheliochorial
What are the common causes of dystocia in the sheep and goat?
- fetal postural abnormalities
- multiple fetuses trying to exit at the same time
- singletons too large
What is Ringwomb?
- failure of cervix to completely dilate
- considered heritable
When does pregnancy toxemia usually occur?
- final trimester
- multiple fetuses
- obese or thin ewes
What are the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia?
- remove fetuses (C-section, induction)
- glucose IV, dextrose IV
- propylene glycol by mouth
- B vitamins to stimulate appetite
- transfaunation
What can result from ingestion of Veratrum californicum?
- EED in early gestation
- cyclops if between 12-14 days
- arthrogryposis
What can result from ingestion of locoweed?
- abortion
- arthrogryposis
- decreased spermatogenesis in rams
What can result from ingestion of broomweed?
- abortion
- retained fetal membranes
- arthrogryposis
What can result from ingestion of estrogen-producing plants?
- hyperestrogenism
- vaginal prolapse
- subclinical reproductive impairment
How is bluetongue virus transmitted?
Cullicoides species
What are the clinical signs associated with bluetongue?
- fever
- swollen ears, face, and tongue
- +/- abortion
- fetal malformations (hydroencephaly and arthrogryposis)
What type of virus is border disease?
Pestivirus
Describe the pathogenesis of Border Disease Virus
- oral transmission
- infected fetoplacental unit
- EED, resorption, mummies, congenital defects, PI animals
What congenital defects can be caused by Border Disease virus?
hydroencephaly
cerebellar hypoplasia
What are the clinical signs associated with Border Disease Virus?
- weak, hairy lambs
- darker pigmentation
- tremors
How is Border Disease virus diagnosed?
virus isolation
How is Cache Valley disease transmitted?
mosquitoes
What are the clinical signs associated with Cache Valley disease?
- fever and depression
- stillbirth, congenital defects
What are the congenital defects that can result from Cache Valley disease?
- arthrogryposis
- brachygnathia
- hydroencephaly, microencephaly
What are the clinical signs associated with Akabane virus?
- none in dam
- arthrogryposis
- hydroencephaly
- hydrocephalus
How is Akabane virus transmitted?
Cullicoides and mosquitoes
What is caused by infection with Brucella melitensis?
- abortion, weak kids, mastitis
- may cause abortion in ewe
What is caused by infection with Brucella ovis?
- epididymitis in rams
- rarely causes abortion in sheep
What is the most significant cause of abortion in sheep in North America?
Campylobacter
How is Campylobacter transmitted?
fetal fluids, fetus, placenta
What are the clinical signs associated with Campylobacter infection?
- late term abortions
- stillbirths
- hepatic necrosis
What is the cause of Enzootic abortion in ewes?
Chlamydophilia abortus
How is Chlamydophilia abortus diagnosed?
histopathology Zeil Neilson stain
How is Chlamydophilia abortus treated/controlled?
- tetracyclines in outbreak and prophylactic
What lesions are caused by Chlamydophilia abortus infection?
necrotic placentitis of cotyledonary and intercotyledonary areas
What organism causes Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
How is Coxiella burnetii transmitted?
any fluids
- oral, respiratory, ticks, semen
What are the clinical signs associated with Coxiella burnetii infection?
- usually subclinical
- abortion outbreaks
- placentitis, abortion, or stillbirth
How is Coxiella burnetii infection diagnosed?
- placental lesions
- necrotizing placentitis of both cotyledonary and intercotyledonary regions
How is Coxiella burnetii infection treated?
tetracyclines
Where is Listeria monocytogenes usually found?
in rotting hay or improperly stored silage
What are the clinical signs associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection?
- resorption or mummification (30-90 days)
- abortion (last 1/2 gestation)
- weak lambs/kids
- neurologic if immunosuppressed
How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?
- cotyledons have white to yellow areas of focal necrosis
- culture from fetus and placenta
- serology
What is satisfactory scrotal circumference in the ram?
20-30
What is a variocele?
localized dilation of spermatic vein
- hard swelling in cord
