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Theriogenology > Fertilization > Flashcards

Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Which species deposit sperm into the anterior vagina?

A

Cow
Ewe
Doe
Bitch

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2
Q

What are the post-capacitation events leading to fertilization?

A
  • hyperactive motility
  • binding to zona pellucida
  • acrosomal reaction
  • penetration of zona pellucida
  • sperm-oocyte membrane fusion
  • sperm engulfed
  • decondensation of sperm nucleus
  • formation of male pronucleus
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3
Q

Describe the acrosome reaction

A
  • enzymes are released
  • penetration of sperm through zona pellucida
  • sperm enter perivitelline space
  • membranes fuse
  • cortical reaction induced
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4
Q

Describe the cortical reaction

A
  • sperm head attaches to oocyte plasma membrane and initiate blockage of polyspermy
  • ZP hardens and vitelline membrane changes
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5
Q

Where does fertilization take place in the cow?

A

apulla-isthmus junction of the oviduct

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6
Q

What is syngamy?

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei

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7
Q

What are the barriers to fertilization?

A
  • cumulus cells (surround ovulated oocyte)
  • zona pellucida
  • oocyte membrane
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8
Q

What must occur before the embyro can attach to the uterus?

A
  • develop within the zona pellucida
  • subsequent hatch from ZP
  • maternal recognition of pregnancy
  • formation of extra-embryonic membranes
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9
Q

What is totipotency?

A

the ability of a single blastomere to develop into a fully formed individual

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10
Q

What is the most totipotent cell?

A

zygote

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11
Q

Describe what occurs in development of a free martin

A
  • AMH from bull block mullerian ducts, resulting in posterior vagina with no anterior vagina
  • testosterone from bull causes clitoral enlargement and brain changes
  • ovaries do not grow, but are chimeric (ovotestis)
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12
Q

What happens if there is no maternal recognition of the embryo?

A

PGF2a is produced, lysis of the CL, and the animal goes back to estrus
- the bitch will not return to cycle

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13
Q

Describe maternal recognition in ruminants

A
  • interferon tau is produced by trophoblastic cells

- inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis, therefore no PGF2a release

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14
Q

Describe maternal recognition in the sow

A
  • blastocyst produces estradiol
  • re-routes PGF2a release into the uterine lumen where it is destroyed
  • need at least 2 conceptus in each horn
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15
Q

Describe maternal recognition in the mare

A
  • PGE2 is produced by the embryo
  • blastocyst trans-uterine migration
  • reduced synthesis of PGF2a
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16
Q

What is the functional unit of the placenta?

A

chorionic villi

17
Q

What are the layers in an epitheliochorial fetal/maternal relationship?

A
  • endometrial endothelium
  • endometrial interstitium
  • endometrial epithelium
  • chorionic epithelium
  • chorionic interstitium
  • chorionic endothelium
18
Q

What are the layers in an endotheliochorial fetal/maternal relationship?

A
  • endometrial endothelium
  • endometrial interstitium
  • chorionic epithelium
  • chorionic interstitium
  • chorionic endothelium
19
Q

What are the laters in a hemochorial fetal/maternal relationship?

A
  • chorionic epithelium
  • chorionic interstitium
  • chorionic endothelium
  • direct contact with maternal blood pool
20
Q

Which species have epitheliochorial fetal/maternal relationship?

A

sow, mare, camelid, cow, ewe, doe

21
Q

Which species have endotheliochorial fetal/maternal relationship?

A

bitch and queen

22
Q

In a cotyledonary placenta, which is the maternal portion, and which is the fetal portion?

A

maternal - caruncles

fetal - cotyledons

23
Q

What is a placentome?

A

caruncle/cotyledon complex

24
Q

Which species have diffuse placenta?

A

mare, sow, camelid

25
Q

Which species have cotyledonary placenta?

A

cow, ewe, doe, deer

26
Q

Which species have zonary placenta?

A

bitch, queen, ferret

27
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • stimulate ovarian function (eCG)
  • stimulate mammary function (lactogen)
  • induction of parturition (convert P4 to estrogens)
  • assist in parturition (relaxin and estrogen)
  • maintain pregnancy (P4)
28
Q

What are endometrial cups?

A
  • unique to the mare
  • produces equine chorionic gonadotropin
  • helps with luteinization of secondary CL

Theriogenology (17 decks)

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