Bovine Cycle Management

Question 1

When is puberty seen in the heifer?

Answer 1

when she is 50-60% of her adult body weight

Question 2

What is the most definitive sign of estrus in cows?

Answer 2

standing to be mounted

Question 3

At what age are heifers bred, and when should they first calve?

Answer 3

bred at 14-15 months

calve at 22-24 months

Question 4

What is the voluntary waiting period?

Answer 4

time period after calving in which a cow ill not be bred

- 45-65 days

Question 5

Which product is used to shorten the luteal cycle?

Answer 5

Prostaglandin - Lutalyse

Question 6

Which product is used to lengthen or mimic the luteal cycle?

Answer 6

Progesterone

• Melengestrol Acetate
• Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR)

Question 7

What are the four cardinal signs of pregnancy?

Answer 7

• fetal membrane slip
• amniotic vesicle
• placentomes
• fetus

Question 8

What is the earliest sign of pregnancy?

Answer 8

fetal membrane slip

Question 9

What are the supportive signs of pregnancy?

Answer 9

• asymmetry of the uterine horns
• thinning and tone of uterine wall
• fixation of cervix
• fremitus of middle uterine artery
• presence of CL

Question 10

What are the prepartum changes that occur?

Answer 10

• udder edema and milk production
• relaxation of pelvic ligaments (raised tail head)
• elongation and softening of the vulva
• dilation and opening of the cervix
• melting of cervical plug

Question 11

What is the initiator of parturition?

Answer 11

fetal cortisol

Question 12

What is stage 1 of parturition?

What occurs in this stage?

Answer 12

initiation of myometrial contractions

• initiated by fetus
• dilation of the cervix
• initiation of contractions of myometrium
• dropping/availability of colostrum
• rupture of chorioallantoic membrane

Question 13

What is stage 2 of parturition?

What occurs in this stage?

Answer 13

expulsion of fetus

• rupture of chorioallantois
• active straining and expulsion of fetus
• rupture of amnion
• Fergusons reflex
• dam lies in sternal recumbency, then lateral for delivery

Question 14

What is stage 3 of parturition?

What occurs in this stage?

Answer 14

expulsion of fetal membranes

• dam grooms calf
• may eat afterbirth

Question 15

What is Ferguson’s reflex?

Answer 15

wedging of fetus into cervical canal stimulates oxytocin release, which stimulates more uterine contractions and oxytocin release

Question 16

What is described in “presentation” of the fetus?

Answer 16

relationship of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam, and the portion of the fetus that is entering the birth canal

Question 17

What is described in “position” of the fetus?

Answer 17

anatomic relationship of the dorsum of fetus relative to maternal pelvis

Question 18

What is described in “posture” of the fetus?

Answer 18

anatomic relationship of the fetal extremities to its own body

Question 19

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

Answer 19

• primary uterine inertia
• secondary uterine inertia
• abnormalities of birth canal

Question 20

What is primary uterine inertia?

Answer 20

• dam never progresses to stage 2 labor

- few weak abdominal contractions

Question 21

What is secondary uterine inertia?

Answer 21

exhaustion of myometrium after prolonged attempts to deliver fetus

Question 22

What are the fetal causes of dystocia?

Answer 22

• abnormal presentation, position, and posture
• fetal monsters
• fetal oversize

Question 23

What is Peresomus elumbus?

Answer 23

• partial or complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae
• spinal cord ends in blind vertebral canal
• usually includes arthrogryposis of hind limbs and malformations of musculature

Question 24

What is curly calf syndrome?

Answer 24

• genetic defect resulting from deletion of a small segment of DNA which contains an essential gene
• hind legs extended

Question 25

What is Shistosomus reflexus?

Answer 25

• failure of body wall to close

- exposure of abdominal organs

Question 26

What is arthrogryposus?

Answer 26

limbs severely bent and will not straighten