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Theriogenology > Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortion > Flashcards

Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Define early embryonic death

A

fetal death less than 8 weeks

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2
Q

define stillbirth

A

fetal death greater than 260 days

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3
Q

What type of organism of Listeria monocytogenes?

A

gram positive coccobacillus

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4
Q

Where is Listeria monocytogenes found?

A

concentrated in rotting hay and improperly stored silage

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5
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection

A
  • ingestion
    > replication in monocyte-macrophage
    > placentitis and fetal septicemia
    > abortion
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6
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection?

A
  • abortion in last trimester

- cows appear sick before, during, and after abortion

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7
Q

How is Listeria monocytogenes diagnosed?

A
  • isolation of organism in fetal tissues and placenta
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8
Q

What are the gross lesions caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

A

fetus

  • autolysed
  • foci of necrosis in liver

placenta
- pinpoint yellow, necrotic foci on tips of cotyledonary villi

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9
Q

What type of organism is leptospira?

A

aerobic spirochete

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of leptospirosis

A
  • incubation 4-10 days
    > bacteriemia
    > localizes and persists in renal tubules
    > shedding
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with leptospirosis?

A
  • often none
  • hemolytic anemia
  • hepatic/renal disease
  • abortion
  • photosensitization
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12
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

urine, placental fluids, milk, semen

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13
Q

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

A
  • dark field microscopy
  • fluorescent antibody of fetal kidney and maternal urine
  • PCR of fetal and maternal tissue
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14
Q

How is leptospirosis treated?

A
  • limit exposure
  • vaccinate
  • can vaccinate in outbreak and give tetracycline
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15
Q

What type of organism is Brucella abortus?

A

gram negative coccobacillus

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16
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Brucella abortus

A
  • transmitted via mucus membranes
    > lymph nodes > bacteremia > uterus
    > multiplication in chorioallantoic trophoblasts
    > fetal bactermia and chorioallantoic necrosis
    > abortion
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17
Q

How is Brucella abortus transmitted?

A
  • primary transmission via mucus membranes
  • bulls can be carriers
  • can be transmitted by intrauterine deposition of frozen semen from carrier bulls
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18
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Brucella abortus?

A
  • abortion: after 5th month of gestation
  • RFM and metritis follow abortion
  • some give birth to weak calves that die soon after
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19
Q

How is Brucella abortus diagnosed?

A

isolation of organism
- fetal tissues, uterine tissue, placenta

placentitis

  • intercotyledonary areas dry, thickened, and cracked
  • “Moroccan leather”
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20
Q

Describe the control of Brucella abortus infection

A
  • reportable (zoonotic)
  • routine serologic testing
  • no treatment for positives
  • vaccination of heifers
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21
Q

What two organisms are found in the normal female reproductive tract?

A

Mycoplasma

Ureaplasma

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22
Q

What is caused by Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infection?

A
  • granular vulvovaginitis
  • salpingitis
  • sporadic abortion
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23
Q

What is caused by Haemophilus somnus?

A

weak calves and stillbirths more often than abortions

24
Q

What type of organism is Campylobacter foetus veneralis?

A

gram negative microaerophilic rod

25
Q

How is Campylobacter foetus veneralis transmitted?

A
  • transmitted via coitus

- also via fomites

26
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Campylobacter foetus veneralis infection

A 
- coitus
> colonizes in vagina and cervix
> uterus and oviducts
> infection
> EED
27
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Campylobacter foetus veneralis infection?

A
  • delayed return to estrus
  • vaginitis, cervicitis, and endometritis rare
  • less than 10% abort
  • no signs in bulls
28
Q

How is Campylobacter foetus veneralis infection diagnosed?

A

Clarks media

  • preputial scraping
  • vaginal mucus
  • fetal abomasal contents, placenta
29
Q

How is Campylobacter foetus veneralis controlled?

A
  • cull bulls or don’t breed
  • cows usually clear in 3-6 months
  • vaccinate before breeding season
  • use AI
30
Q

What kind of organism is Tritrichomonas foetus?

What does it look like?

A
  • flagellated protozoa
  • 3 anterior and 1 posterior flagella
  • pyriform shape
31
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted?

A
  • via coitus

- bulls are primary reservoirs

32
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection

A
  • transmitted to females via coitus
    > establish infection in vagina and progress to uterus
    > causes fetal loss
33
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus treated and controled?

A
  • test and cull bulls
  • use AI
  • sexual rest for cows
  • quarantine or divide herd
  • vaccines
34
Q

How is Neospora caninum transmitted?

A
  • ingestion of dog feces

- primarily transmitted vertically

35
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Neospora caninum?

A
  • no clinical disease in dam
  • calves are normal, weak, or aborted
  • abortion in 3rd trimester
36
Q

How is Neospora caninum diagnosed?

A
  • IHC on fetal tissues and placenta

- serologic testing

37
Q

What is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

A

Bovine Herpesvirus 1

38
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in North America?

A

IBR - bovine herpesvirus 1

39
Q

How is bovine herpesvirus transmitted?

A
  • airborne possible
  • venereal form: coitus, instruments, semen
  • systemic: mucus membranes
40
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with the systemic form of bovine herpesvirus?

A
  • abortion storms

- +/- respiratory signs

41
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with the venereal form of bovine herpes virus?

A

pustules, nodules, ulcers, and erosions on vulva and penis

42
Q

How is bovine herpesvirus diagnosed?

A
  • lesions (autolysed fetus, foci of necrosis on organs)

- IHC and microscopic exam confirms (intranuclear inclusion bodies)

43
Q

How is bovine viral diarrhea virus transmitted?

A
  • vertical (forms PI)
  • PI are primary source (shedding)
  • via fomites
44
Q

What causes a persistently infected calf?

A

fetus infected in utero prior to day 120-150

45
Q

What are the clinical feature of a PI calf with BVDV

A
  • most show no signs
  • chronic respiratory distress
  • intermittent diarrhea
46
Q

How is BVDV diagnosed?

A
  • virus isolation (gold standard)
  • immunohistochemistry
  • PCR
  • ELISA
47
Q

What type of virus is bluetongue?

A

Orbivirus

48
Q

How is Bluetongue transmitted?

A

Culliocoides species

49
Q

What is caused by Bluetongue?

A
  • abortion
  • teratogenesis more common
    (cerebral malformation, weak calves, stillbirths)
50
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus infection

A
  • ingestion
    > hematogenous spread
    > placentitis
    > abortion
51
Q

What lesions are associated with Aspergillus fumigatus infection?

A

placenta

  • necrosis of cotyledons
  • thickening of intercotyledonary space

fetus
- skin has mycotic plaques

52
Q

What is hydrallantois?

A

abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid during 5-10 day period of last trimester

53
Q

What is hydamnios?

A

gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid

54
Q

What is the progesterone source during the first 150 days of gestation?

A

luteal origin

55
Q

What is the progesterone source during days 150-250 of gestation?

A

placenta

Theriogenology (17 decks)

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