Canine Pregnancy/Post-Partum/Drugs/Diseases Flashcards
What are the methods for pregnancy diagnosis?
- abdominal palpation
- radiography
- ultrasound
- relaxin measurement
What occurs during the first stage of parturition?
- removal of progesterone block from uterus
- myometrial activity begins
- increase in oxytocin receptor sites
- nesting, anorexia, anxiety, vomiting
What occurs during the second stage of parturition?
- active contractions, deliver of fetus
- Ferguson reflex
- greenish-black discharge (uteroverdin)
What is the Ferguson reflex?
oxytocin release stimulates abdominal contractions
What are the maternal causes of dystocia?
- primary uterine inertia
- secondary uterine inertia
- breed problems (brachycephalics)
- conformation
What occurs during the 3rd stage of parturition?
passage of placenta
What type of placenta and how many layers does the dog have?
zonary endotheliochorial
5 layers
What are the important factors in regard to care of neonates?
hypothermia
hypoglycemia
hypovolemia
What is metritis?
inflammation of the uterus
- endometrium and myometrium
What are the clinical signs associated with metritis?
systemic illness
- fever and depression
- purulent vulvar discharge
How is metritis treated?
- PGF2a to evacuate the uterus
- fluids and antibiotics
What is the clinical presentation of pyometra?
- depression, leukocytosis, PU/PD
- open: copious red-brown to yellow-green foul smelling vulvar discharge
- closed: abdominal swelling, systemically ill
How is cystic endometrial hyperplastic pyometra treated?
- OHE is tx of choice
- PGF2a for open pyometras
- C/S for antimicrobial therapy
What is galactorrhea?
spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland, unassociated with pregnancy
Who is predisposed to eclampsia?
small, nervous breeds
What are the clinical signs of eclampsia?
- panting, pacing, muscle tremors, ataxia
- hyperthermia
- tonic-clonic convulsions
- death
How is eclampsia treated?
- IV calcium gluconate
- oral calcium supplements
- weaning of puppies
What is split estrus?
short interval between clinical signs of proestrus
- no tx required
What is Ovaban?
Function?
- megestrol acetate
- post-pones estrus
- contraindicated in queens
At what concentration of progesterone should you consider supplementation in the pregnant bitch?
3 ng/mL or lower
What is Milolerone?
Function?
- androgenic compound
- prevents LH release by negative feeback, therefore prevents estrus
- contraindicated in cats
What is Deslorelin?
Function?
- GnRH analogue
- used for induction of ovulation and contraception
What do you want to disrupt when using mismating shots?
- sperm transportation
- oocyte transportation down ampulla
- process of fertilization
What is the function of prolactin inhibitors?
CLs lyse in response to lowered prolactin levels
What type of drug is Cabergoline?
- prolactin inhibitor
- serotonin antagonist
What drug should be used to induce abortion before mid-gestation?
Lutalyse
Which drugs should be used to induce abortion after mid-gestation?
Bromocryptine plus lutalyse
What drug can be used for estrus induction?
Cabergoline
How is Brucella canis spread?
through mucus membrane contact with organism
What is caused by Brucella canis infection?
- abortion due to placentitis
- orchitis/epididymitis
How is Brucella canis diagnosed?
- culture of organism (definitive)
- rapid slide agglutination test
- tube agglutination test
- immunofluorescent antibody test
- PCR
How do you rule out false negatives of Brucella canis?
3 monthly tests
How is mycoplasma infection treated?
Doxycycline
What are the clinical signs associated with canine herpesvirus infection?
- fading puppies: crying, green stool, abdominal pain
- high mortality in affect litter
- necropsy: petechial hemorrhages in organs
When should both testes be descended into the scrotum?
by 16 weeks of age
What are the clinical signs of hyperestrogenism in the male dog?
- comedomes, hyperpigmentation
- pendulous prepuce
- testicular atrophy
- prostatic cyst
- gynecomastia
- alopecia
What are the possible causes of azoospermia?
- retrograde or incomplete ejaculation
- hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, inguinal/scrotal hernia, excess glucocorticoid
- intersex
- germinal cell aplasia
- bilateral cryptorchidism
- testicular injury
- autoimmune orchitis
- spermatogenic arrest
- testicular neoplasia
- segmental epididymal aplasia
- spermatocele or sperm granuloma
What is affect by transmissible venereal tunmor?
penis, prepuce, vagina, muscus membranes
Which breed is predisposed to urethal prolapse?
english bulldogs
What are the possible clinical signs associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- serous to serosanguinous urethral discharge
- hematuria, tenesmus, dysuria, abdominal pain, infertility
- constipation with ribbon-like feces
How is benign prostatic hyperplasia treated?
- castration
- hormone therapy
- 5a-reductase inhibitors to block testosterone
