Canine Pregnancy/Post-Partum/Drugs/Diseases

Question 1

What are the methods for pregnancy diagnosis?

Answer 1

• abdominal palpation
• radiography
• ultrasound
• relaxin measurement

Question 2

What occurs during the first stage of parturition?

Answer 2

• removal of progesterone block from uterus
• myometrial activity begins
• increase in oxytocin receptor sites
• nesting, anorexia, anxiety, vomiting

Question 3

What occurs during the second stage of parturition?

Answer 3

• active contractions, deliver of fetus
• Ferguson reflex
• greenish-black discharge (uteroverdin)

Question 4

What is the Ferguson reflex?

Answer 4

oxytocin release stimulates abdominal contractions

Question 5

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

Answer 5

• primary uterine inertia
• secondary uterine inertia
• breed problems (brachycephalics)
• conformation

Question 6

What occurs during the 3rd stage of parturition?

Answer 6

passage of placenta

Question 7

What type of placenta and how many layers does the dog have?

Answer 7

zonary endotheliochorial

5 layers

Question 8

What are the important factors in regard to care of neonates?

Answer 8

hypothermia
hypoglycemia
hypovolemia

Question 9

What is metritis?

Answer 9

inflammation of the uterus

- endometrium and myometrium

Question 10

What are the clinical signs associated with metritis?

Answer 10

systemic illness

• fever and depression
• purulent vulvar discharge

Question 11

How is metritis treated?

Answer 11

• PGF2a to evacuate the uterus

- fluids and antibiotics

Question 12

What is the clinical presentation of pyometra?

Answer 12

• depression, leukocytosis, PU/PD
• open: copious red-brown to yellow-green foul smelling vulvar discharge
• closed: abdominal swelling, systemically ill

Question 13

How is cystic endometrial hyperplastic pyometra treated?

Answer 13

• OHE is tx of choice
• PGF2a for open pyometras
• C/S for antimicrobial therapy

Question 14

What is galactorrhea?

Answer 14

spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland, unassociated with pregnancy

Question 15

Who is predisposed to eclampsia?

Answer 15

small, nervous breeds

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of eclampsia?

Answer 16

• panting, pacing, muscle tremors, ataxia
• hyperthermia
• tonic-clonic convulsions
• death

Question 17

How is eclampsia treated?

Answer 17

• IV calcium gluconate
• oral calcium supplements
• weaning of puppies

Question 18

What is split estrus?

Answer 18

short interval between clinical signs of proestrus

- no tx required

Question 19

What is Ovaban?

Function?

Answer 19

• megestrol acetate
• post-pones estrus
• contraindicated in queens

Question 20

At what concentration of progesterone should you consider supplementation in the pregnant bitch?

Answer 20

3 ng/mL or lower

Question 21

What is Milolerone?

Function?

Answer 21

• androgenic compound
• prevents LH release by negative feeback, therefore prevents estrus
• contraindicated in cats

Question 22

What is Deslorelin?

Function?

Answer 22

• GnRH analogue

- used for induction of ovulation and contraception

Question 23

What do you want to disrupt when using mismating shots?

Answer 23

• sperm transportation
• oocyte transportation down ampulla
• process of fertilization

Question 24

What is the function of prolactin inhibitors?

Answer 24

CLs lyse in response to lowered prolactin levels

Question 25

What type of drug is Cabergoline?

Answer 25

• prolactin inhibitor

- serotonin antagonist

Question 26

What drug should be used to induce abortion before mid-gestation?

Answer 26

Lutalyse

Question 27

Which drugs should be used to induce abortion after mid-gestation?

Answer 27

Bromocryptine plus lutalyse

Question 28

What drug can be used for estrus induction?

Answer 28

Cabergoline

Question 29

How is Brucella canis spread?

Answer 29

through mucus membrane contact with organism

Question 30

What is caused by Brucella canis infection?

Answer 30

• abortion due to placentitis

- orchitis/epididymitis

Question 31

How is Brucella canis diagnosed?

Answer 31

• culture of organism (definitive)
• rapid slide agglutination test
• tube agglutination test
• immunofluorescent antibody test
• PCR

Question 32

How do you rule out false negatives of Brucella canis?

Answer 32

3 monthly tests

Question 33

How is mycoplasma infection treated?

Answer 33

Doxycycline

Question 34

What are the clinical signs associated with canine herpesvirus infection?

Answer 34

• fading puppies: crying, green stool, abdominal pain
• high mortality in affect litter
• necropsy: petechial hemorrhages in organs

Question 35

When should both testes be descended into the scrotum?

Answer 35

by 16 weeks of age

Question 36

What are the clinical signs of hyperestrogenism in the male dog?

Answer 36

• comedomes, hyperpigmentation
• pendulous prepuce
• testicular atrophy
• prostatic cyst
• gynecomastia
• alopecia

Question 37

What are the possible causes of azoospermia?

Answer 37

• retrograde or incomplete ejaculation
• hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, inguinal/scrotal hernia, excess glucocorticoid
• intersex
• germinal cell aplasia
• bilateral cryptorchidism
• testicular injury
• autoimmune orchitis
• spermatogenic arrest
• testicular neoplasia
• segmental epididymal aplasia
• spermatocele or sperm granuloma

Question 38

What is affect by transmissible venereal tunmor?

Answer 38

penis, prepuce, vagina, muscus membranes

Question 39

Which breed is predisposed to urethal prolapse?

Answer 39

english bulldogs

Question 40

What are the possible clinical signs associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 40

• serous to serosanguinous urethral discharge
• hematuria, tenesmus, dysuria, abdominal pain, infertility
• constipation with ribbon-like feces

Question 41

How is benign prostatic hyperplasia treated?

Answer 41

• castration
• hormone therapy
• 5a-reductase inhibitors to block testosterone