Sex Hormones and Disease

Question 1

GnRH what kind of release?

Answer 1

pulsatile

Question 2

what converts testosterone to DHT?

Answer 2

5alpha-reductase

Question 3

3 estrogens are?

Answer 3

oestriol
oestrone
oestradiol

Question 4

use of oestrogen in children?

Answer 4

hypogonadism

Question 5

use of oestrogen in adults? 3 reasons

Answer 5

1. amenorrhoea
2. contraception
3. menopause HRT

Question 6

HRT and colorectal cancer?

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

HRT and coronary heart disease?

Answer 7

reduced but depends on trial

Question 8

HRT and Alzheimer’s?

Answer 8

reduced

Question 9

HRT and sleep?

Answer 9

improved

Question 10

HRT and bone density?

Answer 10

improved

Question 11

HRT and risks? 3 main ones.

Answer 11

1. breast tenderness, nausea, fluid retention
2. breast/uterine cancer
3. thromboembolism/stroke

Question 12

oestrogen receptors where? 3 places

Answer 12

1. nuclear
2. cell membrane (rapid effects?)
3. GPR30

Question 13

oestrogen signalling is how?

Answer 13

direct signalling

Question 14

oestrogen receptor subtypes:

Answer 14

ER-a (predominant)

ER-B

Question 15

Breast cancer: estrogen leads to growth, progesterone leads to?

Answer 15

differentiation and growth

Question 16

What are SERMs?

Answer 16

selective oestrogen receptor modulators

Question 17

What is oestradiol drug?

Answer 17

full agonist

Question 18

what is tamoxifen? what does it block?

Answer 18

partial agonist for bone, CV, uterus

blocks target breast and CNS

Question 19

what is raloxifene? what does it block?

Answer 19

partial agonist for bone CV

blocks breast, uterus, CNS

Question 20

what is fulvestrant?

Answer 20

full estrogen antagonist

Question 21

tamoxifen effect on endometrium?

Answer 21

hyperplasia

Question 22

tamoxifen effect on vascular?

Answer 22

risk of thromboembolism

Question 23

when use tamoxifen?

Answer 23

palliative for breast ca

adjuvant post lumpectomy

Question 24

Aromatase inhibitors used when?

Answer 24

after tamoxifen use and breast cancer

Question 25

Aromatase inhibitors does what?

Answer 25

1. reduce contralateral breast ca 2. less thromoembolism 3. less endometrial cancer

Question 26

Aromatase inhibitors disadvantage?

Answer 26

bone loss menopausal symptoms arthralgia metabolic syndrome

Question 27

where is dihydrotestosterone active?

Answer 27

prostate seminal vesicles epididymus skin

Question 28

testosterone always converts to dihydrotestosterone?

Answer 28

Nope depends on tissue

Question 29

dihydrotestosterone function?

Answer 29

1. prostate development 2. external virilisation 3. sexual maturation

Question 30

testosterone function?

Answer 30

1. Gonadotrophin release 2. sperm production 3. anabolics 4. sexual differentiation

Question 31

dihydrotestosterone and testosterone affects cell where?

Answer 31

nucleus for transcription

Question 32

therapeutic use of androgens: anabolic? 2 things

Answer 32

1. senile osteoporosis | 2. speed recovery from surgery

Question 33

therapeutic use of androgens for growth?

Answer 33

pituitary dwarfism

Question 34

non-therapeutic use of androgens?

Answer 34

abuse in sport

Question 35

therapeutic use of androgens in women?

Answer 35

treat endometriosis

Question 36

LDL and HDL with androgen?

Answer 36

more LDL | less HDL

Question 37

adverse effects of androgens: males

Answer 37

priapism, gynaecomastia, impotence, less sperm

Question 38

adverse effects of androgens: children

Answer 38

premature epiphyseal plate closure | abnormal sexual maturation

Question 39

what is cyproterone?

Answer 39

steroidal androgen receptor antagonist

Question 40

when is cyproterone used for? 2:

Answer 40

1. prostate cancer | 2. androgenisation of females

Question 41

what is flutamide?

Answer 41

non-steroidal antagonist

Question 42

when use flutamide?

Answer 42

metastatic prostate cancer

Question 43

what is finasteride?

Answer 43

5a-reductase inhibitor to take out DHT

Question 44

when use finasteride?

Answer 44

benign prostatic hypertrophy

Question 45

why do males get breast enlargement/cancer when on finasteride?

Answer 45

since it's a 5a-reductase inhibitor, the excess testosterone is converted into estrogens