Sex and gender Flashcards
(AO1) Sex
Biological differences between males and females, including chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy.
(AO1) Gender
Psychological and social differences between males and females, influenced by culture, socialisation, and personal identity.
(AO1) Sex-role stereotypes
Shared expectations within a society about how males and females should behave, often reinforced by social norms, media, and upbringing.
(AO1) Androgyny
A gender identity where an individual possesses a balance of both masculine and feminine characteristics.
(AO1) Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)
A psychological measure developed by Sandra Bem (1974) to assess an individual’s level of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny.
(AO1) Masculine traits
Characteristics traditionally associated with males, such as assertiveness, independence, and competitiveness.
(AO1) Feminine traits
Characteristics traditionally associated with females, such as nurturing, sensitivity, and cooperation.
(AO1) Measurement of androgyny
The BSRI presents a list of 60 personality traits (20 masculine, 20 feminine, 20 neutral) and asks individuals to rate themselves on a scale. A balanced score indicates androgyny.
(AO1) Method of BSRI
Participants rate themselves on a 7-point Likert scale for each trait, ranging from 1 (never true) to 7 (always true). Scores determine classification as masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated.
(AO3) Validity of the BSRI
Research suggests the BSRI has high test-retest reliability but may be culturally biased and outdated in defining gender roles.
(AO3) Psychological benefits of androgyny
Studies suggest androgynous individuals may have better mental health, adaptability, and self-esteem compared to those with rigid gender identities.
(AO3) Cultural bias in sex-role stereotypes
Sex-role stereotypes vary across cultures, suggesting they are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. Research by Mead (1935) found significant differences in gender roles between tribal societies.
(AO3) Reliability of the BSRI
The BSRI has high test-retest reliability, meaning individuals consistently receive similar scores. However, it may lack validity due to outdated gender role assumptions.
(AO3) Androgyny and mental health
Androgynous individuals tend to have higher self-esteem and lower anxiety, supporting the idea that a balance of masculine and feminine traits promotes well-being.
(AO3) Masculinity vs. androgyny
Some research suggests that masculinity alone is a stronger predictor of psychological well-being than androgyny, questioning whether both traits are equally beneficial.
