classification and diagnosis of SCZ

Question 1

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 1

Hallucinations and delusions

Question 2

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 2

Speech poverty and avolition

Question 3

What does reliability in the diagnosis of schizophrenia refer to?

Answer 3

The consistency of the diagnosis across different clinicians or over time

Question 4

What does validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia refer to?

Answer 4

The extent to which schizophrenia is accurately identified and distinct from other disorders

Question 5

What is co-morbidity in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 5

The occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual which can complicate diagnosis

Question 6

How can culture bias affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 6

Clinicians may interpret symptoms differently based on cultural norms leading to misdiagnosis

Question 7

How can gender bias affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 7

Differences in diagnosis rates between genders may occur due to stereotypes or clinician expectations

Question 8

What is symptom overlap in schizophrenia?

Answer 8

When symptoms of schizophrenia are similar to those of other disorders such as bipolar disorder making diagnosis challenging

Question 9

What are hallucinations?

Answer 9

Sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind such as hearing voices

Question 10

What are delusions?

Answer 10

Strongly held false beliefs that are resistant to reasoning or contradictory evidence

Question 11

What is avolition?

Answer 11

A lack of motivation to initiate or persist in goal-directed activities

Question 12

What is speech poverty?

Answer 12

A reduction in the amount or quality of speech which can be a negative symptom of schizophrenia

Question 13

Why is co-morbidity an issue for schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 13

It makes it difficult to differentiate schizophrenia from other disorders affecting diagnosis and treatment

Question 14

Give an example of culture bias in schizophrenia diagnosis.

Answer 14

Hearing voices might be seen as a symptom of schizophrenia in Western cultures but could be considered spiritual in other cultures

Question 15

What is the impact of symptom overlap on the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 15

It increases the likelihood of misdiagnosis as symptoms might be attributed to the wrong disorder

Question 16

Why is gender bias problematic in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 16

It can result in underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis in certain genders affecting access to appropriate treatment

Question 17

What did Harrison et al. (1984) find about the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 17

Higher rates of schizophrenia diagnoses were found among people of West Indian origin living in the UK suggesting culture bias

Question 18

What did Copeland et al. (1971) demonstrate about schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 18

A study showed that 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia compared to only 2% of British psychiatrists when presented with the same patient description highlighting cultural differences

Question 19

What did Loring and Powell (1988) discover about gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

Answer 19

When clinicians were given identical case studies those described as male were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than those described as female

Question 20

What did Rosenhan (1973) conclude from the pseudopatient study?

Answer 20

Rosenhan found that once labelled as schizophrenic individuals were treated according to their diagnosis even when behaving normally highlighting issues with reliability and validity