Research methods 20 | Presentation and display of quantitative data Flashcards
What type of table displays raw, unprocessed data?
Raw data table
What are the 3 columns in a frequency/tally table?
1) Behavioral category/variable value 2) Tally marks 3) Total count
When should you use a bar chart?
For categorical (nominal) data with distinct groups (e.g., favorite pet)
How do bar charts differ from histograms?
Bar charts: bars don’t touch (categorical data). Histograms: bars touch (continuous data)
What does the x-axis show in a bar chart?
Categories (e.g., types of pets)
What type of graph shows percentages of a whole?
Pie chart
How is continuous data displayed differently from categorical data?
Continuous uses histograms/line graphs (touching bars). Categorical uses bar charts (separate bars)
What graph shows frequency distribution of continuous data?
Histogram
What are histograms used for?
Displaying continuous data ranges (e.g., test scores, age groups)
How do you convert a histogram to a line graph?
Connect midpoints of bars and remove bars
What graph type shows relationships between two variables?
Scattergram
What does each point on a scattergram represent?
One participant’s measurements for two variables
How do positive vs. negative correlations appear on scattergrams?
Positive: upward trend. Negative: downward trend
What are the key labels needed for any graph?
Title, labeled axes (with units), legend (if multiple datasets)
Why must histogram bars touch?
To show data is continuous and ranges are sequential
What mistake do students often make with bar charts?
Drawing touching bars (only histograms should do this)
How would you display time-based trends?
Line graph (shows changes over continuous time)
What graph compares multiple continuous datasets?
Line graph (can overlay multiple lines)
What does a pie chart’s full circle represent?
100% of the data (360 degrees)
What should you include when interpreting graph data?
Describe trends (e.g., ‘Group A decreased more than Group B’)
