sensory and motor development:

Question 1

what is nenonate phase

Answer 1

the first few days post birth

Question 2

what are the problems working with infants

Answer 2

cant talk, cant understand, cant produce complex behavioour, cant move, get grumpy
-> use methods for non linguistic populations

Question 3

how sucking can be used to measure infants responses

Answer 3

babies are given a duummy to suck and baseline sucking rate is established,
suck more= more excited

Question 4

how can LOOKING be used to measure infants development

Answer 4

babies shown a picture until habituated

measure how long they look at new one

Question 5

what is a looking task called?

Answer 5

a visual paired comparison task

Question 6

what is the apgar score

Answer 6

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Aactivity
Respiration

Question 7

vision in newborns, 1-2 m/o, 4 m/o, 8 m/o and 1 yr

Answer 7

newborns: fuzzy, cant fixate
1-2 m: can fixate- high contrast
4 m: depth perception, colour vision 
8m: range increases
1y: similar to adults

Question 8

Faces: Frantz’s (1961) study

Answer 8

faces, face features but jumbled, similar shape no features

= first month infants show a preference for the face pictures

Question 9

specific faces?

Answer 9

the day after birth infants are capable of recognising individual faces.

Question 10

specific faces:
Bushnell et al
Walton et al

Answer 10

bushnell- recognise mothers with olfractory cues removed

Walton and when visual cues are controlled for

Question 11

what is perceptual narrowing

Answer 11

infants visual perception comes increasingly tailored to the regular features of a child environment

Question 12

what is the other race effect

Answer 12

infants are born with ability to discriminate all faces but become extremely good at discriminating the faces around them and lose the ability to discriminate faces they dont see often (Kelly )

Question 13

can experience influence perceptual narrowing

Answer 13

it is possible to retain the ability to discriminate between unfamiliar face types by shaping a childs experience.

Question 14

what did Heron- Delaney find

vision

Answer 14

70 minutes of picture books over 3 months-

9 month old shown chinese faces retained the ability to recognise the chinese faces.

Question 15

Pascalis et al (2005) chimp

vision

Answer 15

it isnt limited to human faces - if children are shown monkeys they can discriminate

Question 16

Hearing in infancy

Answer 16

• sound can be perceieved in the womb
  from 26 weeks gestation, change of heart rate as a response to auditory stimuli (Kisilevsky)
  also recognise mothers

Question 17

what did DeCasper and Spence (1986) find

hearing

Answer 17

read 3 min story final 6 weeks of pregnancy

infants preffered

Question 18

does hearing narrow

Answer 18

speech perception becomes more specialised with age
can initially distinguish sounds which arent in their native language
this ability narrows to their own language

Question 19

motherese?

Answer 19

infants initially show a preference for motherese, pay more attention- exaggerates differences

Question 20

what is a visual paired comparison task?

Answer 20

A measure of infants memory.

Habituated to one scene, measure if they look at the new scene for longer.

Question 21

Kisilevsky et al., 1992 (hearing )

Answer 21

From 26 weeks gestation infantts can hear

- infants can also discriminate the sound of their mothers voice.

Question 22

Cooper and Aslin (1990)

Answer 22

infants have a preference for motherese.