sensory and motor development: Flashcards
what is nenonate phase
the first few days post birth
what are the problems working with infants
cant talk, cant understand, cant produce complex behavioour, cant move, get grumpy
-> use methods for non linguistic populations
how sucking can be used to measure infants responses
babies are given a duummy to suck and baseline sucking rate is established,
suck more= more excited
how can LOOKING be used to measure infants development
babies shown a picture until habituated
measure how long they look at new one
what is a looking task called?
a visual paired comparison task
what is the apgar score
Appearance Pulse Grimace Aactivity Respiration
vision in newborns, 1-2 m/o, 4 m/o, 8 m/o and 1 yr
newborns: fuzzy, cant fixate 1-2 m: can fixate- high contrast 4 m: depth perception, colour vision 8m: range increases 1y: similar to adults
Faces: Frantz’s (1961) study
faces, face features but jumbled, similar shape no features
= first month infants show a preference for the face pictures
specific faces?
the day after birth infants are capable of recognising individual faces.
specific faces:
Bushnell et al
Walton et al
bushnell- recognise mothers with olfractory cues removed
Walton and when visual cues are controlled for
what is perceptual narrowing
infants visual perception comes increasingly tailored to the regular features of a child environment
what is the other race effect
infants are born with ability to discriminate all faces but become extremely good at discriminating the faces around them and lose the ability to discriminate faces they dont see often (Kelly )
can experience influence perceptual narrowing
it is possible to retain the ability to discriminate between unfamiliar face types by shaping a childs experience.
what did Heron- Delaney find
vision
70 minutes of picture books over 3 months-
9 month old shown chinese faces retained the ability to recognise the chinese faces.
Pascalis et al (2005) chimp
vision
it isnt limited to human faces - if children are shown monkeys they can discriminate
Hearing in infancy
- sound can be perceieved in the womb
from 26 weeks gestation, change of heart rate as a response to auditory stimuli (Kisilevsky)
also recognise mothers
what did DeCasper and Spence (1986) find
hearing
read 3 min story final 6 weeks of pregnancy
infants preffered
does hearing narrow
speech perception becomes more specialised with age
can initially distinguish sounds which arent in their native language
this ability narrows to their own language
motherese?
infants initially show a preference for motherese, pay more attention- exaggerates differences
what is a visual paired comparison task?
A measure of infants memory.
Habituated to one scene, measure if they look at the new scene for longer.
Kisilevsky et al., 1992 (hearing )
From 26 weeks gestation infantts can hear
- infants can also discriminate the sound of their mothers voice.
Cooper and Aslin (1990)
infants have a preference for motherese.
