nature vs. nurture Flashcards
what is tabula rasa (john locke)
viewed children as a blank slate.
CHildren learn though interaction.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778): Children are born angelic
what is nativism
the view that skills are hard wired into the brain at birth as a result of genetic inheritance
what is empiricism
the view that humans are not born with built in core knowledge or mental content and that all knowledge or mental content is a result of learning and experience.
why study nature nurture in relation with IQ
combination of both
who came up with the first test
binet (1905) identified mental age.
What is Stern (1912) equation for IQ
iq= mental age/ chronological age x 100/
is intelligence heritable.
scientific racism- evidence shows a 15-18 point difference in black and white children.
50- 80% heritable.
no specific gene = missing heritability
genetics
MZ correlation is .87. = reared together.
MZ correlation is .75. Reared apart.
DZ correlation .55 = together
DZ correlation is .35 = apart
gene environment interaction - breastfeeding
children who are breastfed are healthier and develop higher IQs. - fatty acids.
- gene involved in fatty acid pathways
- a variant of this gene allows breastfed children to score 7 points higher on an IQ test.
Adoption studies
Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study (1976)
- Black and interracial children adopted by white advantaged famillies.
At age 7: scored above white average. (if adopted before 1 score 20 points above)
at age 17: scores were lower but differences remain
what is the flynn effect
environmental effects on cognitive development
IQ rates increase by 3 points every decade in western cultures
how does poverty effect IQ
negatively.
reduced brain development
Hair et al., (2015) structural brain differences.
Sure start- training for parents
Hutchings et al, (2007) benefits seen worldwide.
