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Bio 152 Lecture FINAL > Senses! > Flashcards

Senses! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the types of chemoreceptors

A

Olfactory neurons, gustatory cells, other

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2
Q

Describe general, mechanism of senses

A

1) Stimulus opens Channels (directly: Ligand gated or mech gated or indirectly: enzymatic pathway)
2) depolarization (more positive) produces graded potential which is converted into AP for relaying
3) Projection where AP passes through specific neutron pathways to area of cortex
4) Brain decodes- type of stimulus, location of stimulus and strength

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3
Q

What are tonic receptors

A

Always on, slow or no adaptation: Muscle receptors for pain and balance

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4
Q

What are phasic receptors

A

adapt, fire @ beginning and end of stimulus. Eg. Meisner corpuscle or hearing

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5
Q

What does the utricle detect

A

horizontal movement (acceleration)

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6
Q

what does the saccule detect

A

vertical movement (jumping, elevator)

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7
Q

Semicircular ducts

A

detect changes in rate of rotation

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8
Q

When the stereocillia bend toward the kinocillium causes…

A

depolarization

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9
Q

when the stereocillia bend away from the kinocillium causes…

A

hyper polarization

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10
Q

where are hair cells for balance found

A

In the semicircular ducts, embedded in the ampulla where a cupola sways when the endolymph moves

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11
Q

How is hearing similar to balance

A
  • Both have hair cells
  • both happen in ear
  • both have hair cells in endolymph
  • both use vestibulocochlear nerve
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12
Q

Difference between balance and hearing

A

Location of receptor: Scala media & semicircular ducts.
Structure of receptor: Balance has a kino cilliim
Mechanism: Fluid waves in scala vestiboli cause waves in the scala media, where the hair cell will brush against the tectorial plate and depolarize as mechanical gated K+ channels are opened.
where as balance: when head moves, sterocilia will bend toward the kinocillium which will open K+ ch causing depolarization or hyperpolarazation. Synapse with the afferent neutron and vestibulocochlear nerve

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13
Q

Explain what is happening in distance vision.

What the Lens and cornea are doing:

A

The lens is flat (think flat, far away) it reflects light

the cornea does not change shape

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14
Q

Explain what is happening in distance vision.

what neurons are involved?

A

Sympathetic neurons

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15
Q

Explain what is happening in distance vision.

What are the cilliary muscles doing?

A

they are relaxed/dilated

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16
Q

Explain what is happening in distance vision.

what are the suspensory ligaments doing?

A

pulled taut

17
Q

Explain what is happening in distance vision.

What is the binocular vision doing?

A

Parallel rays can land on fovea when yes are forward.

18
Q

Explain what is happening in distance vision.

What are the pupils doing?

A

Dilated. (large)

Pupillary dilator muscles contract and constrictor muscles relax, pulled open

19
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

What is the lens doing

A

accommodates to become round.

Reading & relaxed = round

20
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

What are the neurons involved

A

Parasympathetic

21
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

What are the ciliary muscles doing

A

Contracted

22
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

What are the suspensory ligaments doing

A

loose relaxed

23
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

what are the binocular vision doing

A

Requires convergence, extrinsic eye muscles rotate medially so divergent rays land on fovea

24
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

What are the pupils doing

A

Constricted.

25
Q

Explain what is happening in close vision.

What are the pupillary constrictor and dilator muscles doing

A

Parasympathetic system stimulates pupillary constrictor muscles to reduce light entering the periphery. The dilator muscles relax and the constrictor muscles constrict.

26
Q

Explain what happens at the photoreceptor in the retina in total darkness

A

Photopigment is inactivated. cGMP molecules bind to Na+ Channels, Na+ continually enters. Cell is depolarized. Ca2+ enters synaptic knob. Inhibitory NT are released continuously.

27
Q

Explain what happens to the bipolar cell in total darkness

A

Bipolar cell is inhibited and hyper polarized.. doesn’t release NT.

28
Q

Explain what happens to the ganglion cell in total darkness.

A

Not stimulated, no AP to brain.

29
Q

Explain what happens to the Photoreceptor in dim light.

A

The light turns Cis-retinal to trans retinal. Bleaching occurs because the opsin and trans retinal separate (photopigment needs to be regenerated). Transretinal activated enzymes which degrade cGMP. w/ fewer cGMP, some Na+ channels close, so fewer Na+ enter. Na+ pumps will continue to remove Na+ causing hyper polarization, fewer v. gated calcium ch. open. Less enter synaptic knob so fewer inhibitory NT are released.

30
Q

Explain what happens to bipolar cell in dim light.

A

Bipolar cell is less inhibited. Cell can build up positive ions. Depolarizes, releases excitatory NT.

31
Q

What happens in dim light at ganglion cell.

A

NT bind to ganglion cell, open Na+ ch. Depolarization occurs, AP to brain.

32
Q

What happens at photoreceptor during bright light.

A

More trans retinal. More enzymes and even less cGMP. More Na+ close. More hyper polarized. little/ no inhibitory NT released bc no Calcium let in to trigger it.

33
Q

What happens to bipolar cell in bright light

A

Bigger EPSP. more NT released

34
Q

what happens to ganglion cell in bright light.

A

increased frequency of AP to the brain.

35
Q

Why can’t we see details at night

A

Many rods converge to one single ganglion cell, fewer neurones = less detail. We can’t tell where the individual rods were stimulated. 100s of rods pick up dim light bc of spatial summation.

36
Q

Why is night vision clearest in periphery

A

More rods in periphery, none in fovea.

Bio 152 Lecture FINAL (21 decks)

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