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Intro to Psych > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain

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2
Q

transduction

A

the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity

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3
Q

just noticeable difference (jnd OR the difference threshold)

A

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present

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5
Q

habituation

A

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

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6
Q

sensory adaptation

A

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

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7
Q

visual accomodation

A

the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close

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8
Q

rods

A

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light

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9
Q

cones

A

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

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10
Q

blind spot

A

area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light

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11
Q

dark adaptation

A

the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights

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12
Q

light adaptation

A

the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

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13
Q

trichromatic theory

A

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

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14
Q

afterimages

A

images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

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15
Q

opponent-process theory

A

theory of color vision that proposes visual neurons (or groups of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color

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16
Q

gustation

A

the sensation of a taste

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17
Q

olfaction (olfactory senses)

A

the sensation of smell

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18
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells

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19
Q

somesthetic senses

A

the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

20
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other

21
Q

vestibular senses

A

the sensations of movement, balance, and body position

22
Q

perception

A

the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

23
Q

size constancy

A

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

24
Q

shape constancy

A

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

25
Q

brightness constancy

A

the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

26
Q

figure-ground

A

the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

27
Q

reversible figures

A

visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

28
Q

proximity

A

the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

29
Q

similarity

A

the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

30
Q

closure

A

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

31
Q

continuity

A

the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern

32
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

33
Q

monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)

A

cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only

34
Q

binocular cues

A

cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes

35
Q

linear perspective

A

the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

36
Q

relative size

A

perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

37
Q

overlap (interposition)

A

the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

38
Q

aerial (atmospheric) perspective

A

the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater

39
Q

texture gradient

A

the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases

40
Q

motion parallax

A

the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

41
Q

accommodation

A

as a monocular cue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away

42
Q

convergence

A

the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant

43
Q

binocular disparity

A

the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

44
Q

perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)

A

the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

45
Q

top-down processing

A

the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

46
Q

bottom-up processing

A

the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception

Intro to Psych (22 decks)

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