Learning: Classical

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response

Question 3

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 3

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Question 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

stimulus generalization

Answer 7

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Question 8

stimulus discrimination

Answer 8

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Question 11

higher-order conditioning

Answer 11

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Question 12

conditioned emotional response (CER)

Answer 12

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Question 13

vicarious conditioning

Answer 13

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Question 14

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 14

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Question 15

biological preparedness

Answer 15

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Question 16

stimulus substitution

Answer 16

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the uncondtioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Question 17

cognitive perspective

Answer 17

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus