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Intro to Psych > Methodology & Statistics > Flashcards

Methodology & Statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific method

A

system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations

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3
Q

replication in research

A

repetition of a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results

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4
Q

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A

1) Perceiving the question, 2) Forming a hypothesis, 3) Testing the hypothesis, 4) Drawing conclusions, 5) Reporting your results

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5
Q

observer effect

A

tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

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6
Q

participant observation

A

a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

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7
Q

observer bias

A

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

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8
Q

case study

A

study of one individual in great detail

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9
Q

representative sample

A

randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

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10
Q

population

A

the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

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11
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the relationship between two variables

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12
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation

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13
Q

experiment

A

a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships

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14
Q

operational definition

A

definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

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15
Q

independent variable

A

variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

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16
Q

dependent variable

A

variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

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17
Q

experimental group

A

subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable

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18
Q

control group

A

subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

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19
Q

random assignment

A

process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control group randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

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20
Q

placebo effect

A

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

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21
Q

experimenter effect

A

tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

22
Q

single-blind study

A

study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

23
Q

double-blind study

A

study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

24
Q

critical thinking

A

making reasoned judgments about claims

25
Q

descriptive statistics

A

a way of organizing numbers and summarizing them so that patterns can be determined

26
Q

inferential statistics

A

statistical analysis of two or more sets of numerical data to reduce the possibility of error in measurement and to determine if the differences between the data sets are greater than chance variation would predict

27
Q

statistic

A

a measure of central tendency or variability computed from a sample

28
Q

sample

A

group of subjects selected from a larger population of subjects, usually selected randomly

29
Q

parameter

A

a number representing some measure of central tendency or variability within a population

30
Q

statistics

A

branch of mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretations of numerical data

31
Q

frequency distribution

A

a table or graph that shows how often different numbers or scores appear in a particular set of scores

32
Q

histogram

A

a bar graph showing a frequency distribution

33
Q

polygon

A

line graph showing a frequency distribution

34
Q

normal curve

A

a special frequency polygon in which the scores are symmetrically distributed around the mean, and the mean, median, and mode are all located on the same point on the curve, with scores decreasing as the curve extends from the mean

35
Q

bell curve

A

alternate name for the normal curve, which is said to be shaped like a ball

36
Q

skewed distribution

A

frequency distribution in which most of the scores fall to one side or the other of the distribution

37
Q

negatively skewed

A

a distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the high end of the distribution

38
Q

positively skewed

A

a distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution

39
Q

bimodal distribution

A

frequency distribution in which there are two high points rather than one

40
Q

measure of central tendency

A

numbers that best represent the most typical score of a frequency distribution

41
Q

mean

A

the arithmetic average of a distribution of numbers

42
Q

median

A

the middle score in an ordered distribution of scores, or the mean of the two middle numbers; the 50th percentile

43
Q

mode

A

the most frequent score in a distribution of scores

44
Q

bimodal

A

condition in which a distribution has two modes

45
Q

measures of variability

A

measurement of the degree of differences within a distribution or how the scores are spread out

46
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

47
Q

standard deviation

A

the square root of the average squared deviation from the mean of scores in a distribution; a measure of variability

48
Q

statistically significant

A

referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

49
Q

t-test

A

type of inferential statistical analysis typically used when two means are compared to see if they are significantly different

50
Q

significant difference

A

a difference between goups of numerical data that is considered large enough to be due to factors other than chance variation

51
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

Intro to Psych (22 decks)

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