Motivation/Emotion Flashcards
motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
extrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
intrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
instincts
the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
instinct approach
approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals
need
a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
drive
the psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
drive-reduction theory
approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
primary drives
those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
acquired (secondary) drives
those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
homeostasis
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
need for achievement (nAch)
a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones
need for affiliation (nAff)
the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
need for power (nPow)
the need to have control or influence over others
stimulus motive
a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
arousal theory of motivation
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Yerkes-Dodson law
law stating performance is related to arousal, moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance that do levels of arousal that are too low or too high, this effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks require a high-moderate level, whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level
sensation seeker
someone who needs more arousal than the average person
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
incentive approaches
theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
expectancy-value theories
incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time
self-actualization
according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
peak experiences
according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved; very positive emotions occur at during this, but they are different than simply experiencing joy while doing something, often people’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity that is intrinsically rewarding and the world fades away, they lose track of time, and they are extremely hard to distract
self-determination theory (SDT)
theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect of the type of motivation existing for the action
emotion
the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings
display rules
learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings
James-Lange theory of emotion
theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion; stimulus->physiological reaction->emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time; stimulus->physiological experience AND emotion simultaneously
cognitive arousal theory
theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced; stimulus->physiological reaction AND cognitive label->emotion
facial feedback hypothesis
theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
cognitive-mediational theory
theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction
Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
Listed from bottom of pyramid to top: Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization needs, transcendence needs*
(needs with * by them were added to the list at a later time)
common sense theory of emotion
stimulus->emotion->physiological reaction
spillover effect/excitation transfer
arousal generated by one situation can be experienced as a different emotion in a different situation; ex. bridge study
