Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

Perception

A

How you understand your environment by interpreting your sensations

**associated with top-down processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Sensation

A

How you experience your environment by bringing in energy through your eyes, ears, etc.

**associated with bottom-up processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory info

  • new
  • *detecting lines, angles, and colors that form the horses, riders, and surroundings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Top-down processing

A

Guided by higher level mental process, such as experience, motivation, and expectations

  • old
  • *consider the painting’s title, notice the apprehensive expressions, and attend to aspects that give meaning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how physical energy relates to our psychological experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
**basically tells us absolute limit of our sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time
**also called just noticeable difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Difference thresholds differ by a percentage rather than amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicts when we will detect a particular stimulus amid competing background stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Subliminal messages

A

Anything below our absolute threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Decreased sensation due to constant stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intensity (brightness)

A

height of a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hue (color)

A

length of the wave
long-red
short-blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pupil

A

adjustable opening in the center of the eye, lets light in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

iris

A

a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cornea

A

protects the eye and bends light to provide focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lens

A

transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape through accommodation to focus images on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, contains receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the process of visual info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

blind spot

A

point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fovea

A

central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

acuity

A

sharpness of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nearsightedness

A

far blurry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

farsightedness

A

near blurry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how does light energy reach the brain?

A

light energy –> rods and cones –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells (axons form the optic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

rods

A

peripheral of retina
detect black, white, and gray
twilight or low light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cones

A

center of retina
color vision
daylight or well-lit conditions

30
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features

shape, angle, movement

31
Q

parallel processing

A

processing of several aspects of an object simultaneously

32
Q

trichromatic theory

A

cones in your eye combine to form all the colors you can see

*red, green, blue

33
Q

opponent-process theory

A

your eye sensory receptors work in pairs

*red/green, yellow/blue, black/white

34
Q

volume

A

height of the wave

35
Q

pitch

A

frequency of the wave

36
Q

measuring unit for sound

A

decibels

37
Q

transduction of the ear

A
  1. ) sound waves hit the ear drum
  2. ) vibrations travel through the middle ear, the oval window, and the cochlea
  3. ) hair cells vibrate sending impulses up the auditory nerve to the thalamus
38
Q

Cochlea

A

lined with a mucus called the basilar membrane, containing hair cells

39
Q

Biology of ear

A

study the ear diagram

40
Q

place theory

A

the pitch we hear depends on the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

41
Q

frequency theory

A

the pitch we hear depends on the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve

42
Q

conduction deafness

A

hearing loss caused by something going wrong with the vibrations through the ear

43
Q

sensorineuronal deafness

A

hair cells are damaged; typically caused by loud noises

44
Q

four skin senses

A

pressure, pain, warmth, and cold

45
Q

gate-control theory

A

the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain

46
Q

papillae

A

bumps on our tongues where our taste buds are located

47
Q

five taste sensation

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

48
Q

Smell

A

olfaction, linked to taste and emotion,

fragrance molecules reach receptors at top of nose –> brain’s olfactory bulb –> limbic system (memory and emotion)

49
Q

kinesthetic

A

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

50
Q

vestibular

A

sense of balance; informs our body’s of orientation in space

51
Q

selective attention

A

focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

52
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is diverted elsewhere

53
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice a visual change when our attention is diverted elsewhere

54
Q

gestalt psychology

A

focused on how our minds group things together and tend to look at the “whole” picture

55
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see objects in 3D; enables us to judge distance

56
Q

visual cliff

A

once babies are old enough to crawl, they have developed depth perception and will not cross off a cliff

57
Q

monocular cues

A

methods used by a single eye to judge depth perception

58
Q

binocular cues

A

methods used by both eyes to judge depth perception

59
Q

retinal disparity

A

our eyes each see a different image; the closer the image the greater the disparity

60
Q

convergence

A

as an object nears our face, our eyes come together

61
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion of movement created when two or more lights adjacent blink on and off in quick succession

62
Q

perceptual consistency

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change (color, shape, size)

63
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

64
Q

human factors psychology

A

explores how people and machines interact

**explores how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

65
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena

66
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input NO PROOF

67
Q

telepathy

A

mind to mind communication

68
Q

clairvoyance

A

perceiving remote events

69
Q

precognition

A

perceiving future events

70
Q

psychokinesis

A

mind over matter

AP Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions