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AP Psychology > History & Approaches to Psychology > Flashcards

History & Approaches to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Perspective

A

how the body and brain enable emotions and sensory experiences

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2
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

how behavior springs from unconscious drives, dreams, and childhood conflicts

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4
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

how we learn observable responses (rewards and punishments)

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5
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

how each individual has great freedom of choice and a large capacity for personal growth (full potential)

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6
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

how our thought process works and how we store and remember information

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7
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A

how thinking and behavior vary across cultures and situations

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

today’s modern approach which tries to combine multiple perspectives (biological, psychological, social-cultural) into one integrated analysis

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9
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

first female president of APA

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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • natural selection
  • theory of evolution
  • evolutionary perspectives
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11
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

reformed mental asylums

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12
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • psychoanalysis
  • unconscious
  • dream interpretation
  • childhood conflict
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13
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A
  • 1st US psych lab @ john hopkins
  • 1st psych journal
  • 1st president of APA
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14
Q

William James

A
  • Functionalism: views the mind as serving the function of helping you adapt to your environment
  • 1st psych textbook
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15
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A
  • classical conditioning

- famous for his work with dogs

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16
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • Famous for work with children

- cognitive development

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17
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistic perspective

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18
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • skinner box: rat pressing lever

- operant conditioning: rewards/punishments

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19
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

1st female Ph.D in psychology

20
Q

Edward Titchener

A

-structuralism: different structures such as sensation and thoughts make up your consciousness

21
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

-Gestalt Psychology: whole is greater than the sum of its parts; grouping principles

22
Q

John Locke

A
  • Emiricism: learning from sense experience (preface to Watson’s behaviorism)
  • Blank Slate: tabula rosa
23
Q

John Watson

A
  • Behaviorism

- Little Albert and the white rat

24
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • 1st psych lab in Leipzig Germany
  • introspection: thinking about thinking
  • ball hitting platform study
25
Q

Psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

-originated from the fields of biology and philosophy

26
Q

Biological Psychologist

A
  • examines workings of the brain, nerves, body, and sensation
  • explores the links between the brain and the mind
27
Q

Cognitive Psychologist

A

-studies higher level brain processes like language, thinking, perception, and problem solving/memory

28
Q

Experimental Psychologist

A

-conducts experimental research studies

29
Q

Basic Research

A

aims to further psychology’s knowledge base

30
Q

Applied Research

A

aims to solve practical problems

31
Q

Personality Psychologist

A
  • studies how people differ from one another

- examines persistent traits over time, such as extra-version or agreeableness

32
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

-help people improve their personal and social functioning and coping challenges

33
Q

Counseling Psychologist

A

-assess and treat disorders (mental, emotional, and behavioral)

34
Q

Social Psychologist

A

-studies hoe people influence one another and group behavior

35
Q

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

A
  • applies psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
  • examines how to train employees, boost morale, design products, etc.
36
Q

Human Factors Psychology

A

a sub field that focuses on the interaction of people and machines

37
Q

Forensic Psychologist

A
  • applies psychological principles to criminal investigations
  • studies legal issues, criminal minds, insanity
38
Q

Evolutionary Psychologist

A
  • Identifies behavior patterns that are a result of genetic ancestors
  • examines adaptations as a result of natural selection even in humans
39
Q

Environmental Psychologist

A

-studies relationships between people and their physical environment

40
Q

Social-Cultural Psychologist

A

-investigate similarities and differences in psychological functioning among cultures

41
Q

Sports Psychologist

A
  • studies psychological factors that influence participation in sports
  • examines motivation techniques, optimal training methods, visualization, etc.
42
Q

Developmental Psychologist

A

-studies changing abilities in people as they grow and develop from birth until death

43
Q

Educational Psychologist

A
  • studies influences on learning and teaching and applies strategies to make education more productive
  • school psychologists are a more specific sub field that diagnose and treat cognitive, social, or emotional problems in students
44
Q

Psychometric Psychologist

A
  • quantitatively studies the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
  • ties into all the previous fields
45
Q

Stability vs. Change

A

-As an individual grows, does he/she tend to stay the same or change as he/she develops?

46
Q

Diversity vs. Universality

A

-Do people share more differences or similarities in a population?

47
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A
  • the longstanding controversy over the contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
  • dominant view: “nurture works on what nature endows.”

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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