Learning

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning through association, a tendency to connect events that occur together in time and space

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

discovered classical conditioning on accident by measuring how much dogs would salivate

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 4

unconditioned response

Answer 4

the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

neutral stimulus

Answer 5

an unrelated stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 7

conditioned response

Answer 7

the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 8

acquistion

Answer 8

• the initial stage of learning
• this is when the organism first connects the events together in its mind
• when the organism connects the behavior with the stimulus
• CS announces US

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the diminishing of a conditioned response
occurs when you stop pairing the US & NS/CS and time passes
when you stop pairing the stimulus with the behavior

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

• the reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period following an extinction
• you have to connect the CS & NS again for it to reappear
• after a rest period, you pair the stimulus with the behavior again

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

• the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses
• behavior is affected by a stimulus similar to the original

Question 12

discrimination

Answer 12

• the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
• behavior is not affected by a stimulus similar to the original

Question 13

higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

Question 14

biological predispositions of classical conditioning

Answer 14

an animal’s capacity for its conditioning is restrained by its biology

Question 15

John garcia

Answer 15

researched the effect of radiation on rats

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Question 17

Edward Thorndike’s Law of effect

Answer 17

behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped

Question 18

positive reinforcement

Answer 18

adding a stimulus to increase behavior

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

removing a stimulus to increase behavior

Question 20

positive punishment

Answer 20

adding a stimulus to decrease behavior

Question 21

negative punishment

Answer 21

removing a stimulus to decrease behavior

Question 22

limitations of punishment

Answer 22

• punishment often produces temporary suppression
• punishment produces undesirable emotional side effects
• children who are physically punished often model or imitate punishment
• punishment never teaches a new behavior

Question 23

skinner box

Answer 23

a chamber containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of a complex desired goal
positively reinforce each small step along the way

Question 25

primary reinforcers

Answer 25

innately reinforcing stimuli, such as those that satisfy biological needs

Question 26

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 26

are those that gain their reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer

Question 27

latent learning

Answer 27

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate

Question 28

cognitive map

Answer 28

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 29

over justification effect

Answer 29

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already already likes to do

Question 30

token economy

Answer 30

people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Question 31

premack principle

Answer 31

more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors

Question 32

continuous reinforcement

Answer 32

reinforce the behavior every time it occurs
teaches the behavior extremely quickly
once reinforcement stops it extinguishes quickly

Question 33

partial reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforce the behavior sometimes it occurs

teaches the behavior slowly but behavior sticks

Question 34

fixed ratio

Answer 34

a schedule that reinforces after a specific number of responses

Question 35

variable ratio

Answer 35

a schedule that reinforces a behavior only after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 36

fixed interval

Answer 36

a schedule that reinforces a behavior only after specified time has elapsed

Question 37

variable interval

Answer 37

a schedule that reinforces behavior at unpredictable time intervals

Question 38

observational learning

Answer 38

learning by observing and imitating the behaviors of others through modeling

Question 39

prosocial behavior

Answer 39

non-violent resistance as a means of peaceful demonstration, Sesame street teaches kids behavior and how to learn

Question 40

antisocial behavior

Answer 40

Colombine shooters inspired by “Doom” and other violent video games

Question 41

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study

Answer 41

kids watched video of someone with bobo doll (nice/cruel)

kids were then placed in a room with the bobo doll where the majority mimicked the behavior they saw