Semester 2 theorists Flashcards
Piaget
Theory of cognitive development
- Sensori motor stage (0-2)
- Pre-operational stage (2-7)
- Concrete operational stage (7-11)
- Formal operational stage (11+)
Kohlberg
Theory of moral development Pre-conventional morality -- obedience and punishment -- Individualism and exchange Conventional morality -- Interpersonal relationships -- Maintaining social order Post conventional morality -- Social contract and individual rights -- Universal principles
Erikson
Stage theory of identity Trust vs Mistrust Hope Age: Infancy, 0-1.5 Event: Feeding Autonomy vs Shame Will Age: Early childhood, 1.5-3 Event: toilet training Initiative vs Guilt Purpose Age: Play age, 3-5 Event: Exploration Industry vs Inferiority Competency Age: school age, 5-12 Event: School Ego identity vs role confusion Fidelity Age: adolescence, 12-18 Event: Social interaction Intimacy vs Isolation Love Age: early adulthood, 18-40 Event: relationships Generativity vs Stagnation Care Age: adulthood, 40-65 Event: work and/or parenthood Ego integrity vs Despair Wisdom Age: Late adulthood 65+ Event: reflection on life
Bandura (development)
Social learning theory
People learn social behaviours through observation
Supporting evidence:
Bundura allowed one group of children to watch an adult perform certain aggressive acts with an inflatable ‘Bobo doll’ which were unlikely to occur normally, such as throwing the doll up in the air, hitting it with a hammer and punching it. When these children were left in a playroom with the inflatable doll, they frequently imitated the same acts of aggression, compared to a control group who had not seen the model and showed none of the behaviours.
Mischel
Social cognitive theory
There are five factors predicting how someone will behave:
- Competencies
○ Our intellectual capabilities as well as skills
- Cognitive strategies
○ The different perceptions and methods of dealing with of a specific event
- Expectancies
○ The anticipated results of different behaviors
- Subjective values
○ The respective value of different possible outcomes of various behaviors
- Self-regulatory systems
○ The groups of rules and standards that people adapt to in order to regulate their environment
Maslow
Humanistic theory Hierarchy of needs: - Physiological needs - Safety needs - Belongings and love needs - Esteem needs - Self actualisation
Rogers
Humanistic theory
- Actualizing tendency
○ Humans have one basic motive: to self actualize
- Concept of self ○ Self esteem/worth: what we think about ourselves ○ Self image: how we see ourselves ○ Ideal self: consists of goals and ambitions - Unconditional positive regard Where parents and significant others love and respect the person for who they are
Bandura (Personality)
Social-cognitive theory
- Reciprocal determinism
○ Personality is a result of interactions between behaviors, cognitive factors and environmental factors
- Self efficacy
○ A belief that one has the ability to achieve an effective outcome
Donaldson
criticism of Piaget
Piaget underestimates the cognitive ability of children
- used a familiar activity of hiding a doll, children as young as three could hide successfully showing they weren’t egocentric
Siegal
criticism of Piaget
Piaget underestimates the cognitive ability of children
- Altered piagets questioning style to be more amiable so the children wouldn’t second guess their answers
Gilligan
criticism of Kohlberg
Gender differences
- Kohlberg only used male participants in his initial study
- Males reaches stage 4 but females only reached stage 3 in early adulthood
- Gilligan proposed differences weren’t due to slower development but the socialisation styles and expectation differences between males and females.
McCrae and Costa
McCrae and Costa: O - openness to experience C - Conscientiousness E - Extraversion A - Agreeableness N - Neuroticism
