Self 1: Cognition Definitions Flashcards
Define: Learning
A relatively permanent change, often of behaviour, that occurs as a result of experience
Define: Classical conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired so that a response which is at first elicited by the first stimulus is eventually elicited by the second stimulus alone
Define: Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimuli that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response, without any prior learning
Define: Unconditioned Response
The response that unconditionally, naturally and automatically follows and unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning
Define: Conditioned Stimuli
A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response
Define: Conditioned Response
The learned response that follows a conditioned stimuli after classical conditioning has occurred
Define: Operant Conditioning
Learning that occurs as a result of rewards or punishments as a consequence of behaviours
Define: Operant Conditioning
Learning that occurs as a result of rewards or punishments as a consequence of behaviours
Define: Operant Conditioning
Learning that occurs as a result of rewards or punishments as a consequences of behaviours.
Define: Positive Reinforcement
The addition of a pleasant stimulus to reward a behaviour
Define: Negative Reinforcement
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to reward a behaviour
Define: Positive Punishment
The addition of an unpleasant stimulus to punish a behaviour
Define: Negative Punishment
The removal of a pleasant stimulus to punish a behaviour
Define: Observational learning
New behaviour or modification of a current behaviour which occurs as a result of watching others and copying them
Define: Modelling
To exhibit a behaviour in such a way as to promote similar behaviours in others
Define: Attention
The extent to which the subject is focused on the behaviour and/or interested by it
Define: Retention
The extent to which a subject remembers the behaviour
Define: Reproduction
The ability of the subject to reproduce the behaviour
Define: Motivation
The extent to which the subject is willing to perform the behaviour
Define: Token Economies
A type of psychotherapy in which people are rewarded for good behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or tangible rewards
Define: Saturation
The overexposure of one type of reinforcement or punishment
Define: Phobias
An anxiety response to something that is out of proportion to the threat
Define: Systematic Desensitisation
The application of classical conditioning to treat phobias and other anxiety problems
Define: Graduated Exposure
When patients are gradually exposed to a stimuli they are unreasonably afraid of so that they will realise that they are not in danger
Define: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that aims to change behaviours by modifying the thought process that leads to them
Declarative memory
The memory of facts and experiences
Encoding
Processing of information into a form suitable for storage by the brain
Procedural memory
The memory of how to do things
Retrieval
Getting information out of stored memory
Storage
retention of information
