All Key Theorists

Question 1

Atkinson and Shiffin

Answer 1

1968 Multi store model of memory

Question 2

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 2

1974 Working memory model

Question 3

Bowlby

Answer 3

Attachment is innate - children attach to increase their survival, get food, shelter, warmth

Question 4

Harlow

Answer 4

Rheesus monkeys Taken from mothers and given choice between wire mother doll that provides food and soft cloth doll that doesn’t. The monkeys chose the soft mother, disproving the idea that attachment only forms as an access to food.

Question 5

Ainsworth

Answer 5

Strange situation Children put in ‘strange situation’ They enter room with mother, then stranger comes, then mother leaves, then mother returns and stranger leaves. Secure attachment: child is upset when mother leaves but comforted when they return Insecure resistant: severe distress when parent leaves, inconsolable when they return Insecure avoidant: limited emotional response when caregiver leaves and returns Insecure disorganised: shows contradictory behaviours towards the caregiver

Question 6

Chomsky

Answer 6

LAD - Language acquisition device Language is an innate ability which is activated upon hearing spoken words

Question 7

Bruner

Answer 7

LASS - Language Acquisition Support System Language is a learned skill acquired in children in through the support of parents

Question 8

Bernstein

Answer 8

Language style and social class Restricted code - lower class, fewer descriptive words and abstract ideas Elaborative code - middle class

Question 9

Labov

Answer 9

Disagreed with Bernstein BEV - Black English Vernacular, is just as complex and as standard English only different

Question 10

Tannen

Answer 10

Gender differences in language Report talk - aims to hold attention, maintain or negotiate status Rapport talk - establish relationships and negotiate differences

Question 11

Piaget

Answer 11

Cognitive development Sensory motor 0-2 - object permanence Pre operational 2-7 - egocentric thinking Concrete operational 7-11 - conservation Formal operational 11+ - abstract thinking

Question 12

Kohlberg

Answer 12

Morality development Pre-conventional - obedience and punishment - individualism and exchange Conventional - interpersonal relationships - maintaining social order Post-conventional - social contact and individual rights - universal principles

Question 13

Erickson

Answer 13

Identity development Trust vs mistrust - hope (feeding)
Autonomy vs shame - will (toilet training)
Initiative vs guilt - purpose (exploration)
Industry vs inferiority - competency (school)
Ego identity vs role confusion - fidelity (socialising)
Intimacy vs isolation - love (relationships)
Generativity vs stagnation - care (work/parenting) Ego integrity vs despise - wisdom (reflection)

Question 14

Bandura - social development

Answer 14

How people learn social behaviour Observational learning/Modelling Conditions: Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation

Question 15

McCrae and Costa

Answer 15

Trait theory of personality Openness Contentiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Question 16

Rogers

Answer 16

Humanistic theory — self actualisation Congruency of concept of self components: - self esteem - self image - ideal self Requires unconditional positive regard

Question 17

Maslow

Answer 17

Humanistic theory —

Hierarchy of needs

Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualisation

Question 18

Bandura - personality

Answer 18

Social cognitive theory Reciprocal determinism - interactions between behaviours, cognitive factors and environmental factors Self efficacy - degree to which you are sure of yourself and your own ability

Question 19

Mischell

Answer 19

Social cognitive Doesn’t believe in personality, our traits are cognitive strategies that help us obtain rewards. 5 factors determine behaviour:

Competencies: Our intellectual capabilities as well as skills

Cognitive strategies: The different perceptions and methods of dealing with of a specific event.

Expectancies: The anticipated results of different behaviors

Subjective values: The respective value of different possible outcomes of various behaviors

Self regulatory systems: The groups of rules and standards that people adapt to in order to regulate their environment

Question 20

Asch

Answer 20

Conformity Had people answer questions in front of a group of confederates, after they all gave the wrong answer

Question 21

Milgram

Answer 21

Obedience Confederates were ‘randomly’ chosen as “learner” and participant was the “teacher” Leaner went to another room had to memorise answers, if they gave the wrong answer the teacher had to give the an increasing electric shock at the encouragement of the “researcher.” 2/3 gave lethal shocks and all participants gave severe shocks.

Question 22

Zimbardo

Answer 22

Stanford prison experiment Gave people role of guard or prisoner etc. Prisoners quickly bent to the rule of ‘guards’ even though outside of experiment they are equals

Question 23

Festinger

Answer 23

Cognitive dissonance Menial task Payed $20 compensation or $1 $1 group enjoyed task more, convinced themselves Rey were doing it bc they wanted to $20 hated it, the fact that they were being compensated proved it was a horrible task

Question 24

Heider

Answer 24

Attribution theory People tend to see cause and effect relationships even if there is none Internal attribution External attribution

Question 25

Kelley

Answer 25

Attribution - covariation model Consensus - do others behave the same Distinctiveness - does this person behave this way all the time Consistency - does this person behave this way is this situation all the time

Question 26

McMillan and Chavis

Answer 26

Sense of community: a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members needs will be met through their commitment to be together.

Membership: feeling of belonging or sharing a sense of personal relatedness

Influence: A sense of mattering, of making a difference to a group and of the group mattering to its members

Integration and fulfilment of needs: feelings that members needs will be met by the resources received through their membership in the group

Shared emotional connection: The commitment and belief that members have shared and will share history, common places time together and similar experiences

Question 27

Baumrind

Answer 27

Parenting styles

Authoritative: A parenting style characterised by a high level of both responsiveness and control

Authoritarian: A parenting style characterised by a high level of control but a low level of responsiveness

Permissive: A parenting style characterised by a high level of responsiveness but a low level of control.

Uninvolved: A parenting style characterised by a low level of both responsiveness and control.