All Key Theorists Flashcards
Atkinson and Shiffin
1968 Multi store model of memory
Baddeley and Hitch
1974 Working memory model
Bowlby
Attachment is innate - children attach to increase their survival, get food, shelter, warmth
Harlow
Rheesus monkeys Taken from mothers and given choice between wire mother doll that provides food and soft cloth doll that doesn’t. The monkeys chose the soft mother, disproving the idea that attachment only forms as an access to food.
Ainsworth
Strange situation Children put in ‘strange situation’ They enter room with mother, then stranger comes, then mother leaves, then mother returns and stranger leaves. Secure attachment: child is upset when mother leaves but comforted when they return Insecure resistant: severe distress when parent leaves, inconsolable when they return Insecure avoidant: limited emotional response when caregiver leaves and returns Insecure disorganised: shows contradictory behaviours towards the caregiver
Chomsky
LAD - Language acquisition device Language is an innate ability which is activated upon hearing spoken words
Bruner
LASS - Language Acquisition Support System Language is a learned skill acquired in children in through the support of parents
Bernstein
Language style and social class Restricted code - lower class, fewer descriptive words and abstract ideas Elaborative code - middle class
Labov
Disagreed with Bernstein BEV - Black English Vernacular, is just as complex and as standard English only different
Tannen
Gender differences in language Report talk - aims to hold attention, maintain or negotiate status Rapport talk - establish relationships and negotiate differences
Piaget
Cognitive development Sensory motor 0-2 - object permanence Pre operational 2-7 - egocentric thinking Concrete operational 7-11 - conservation Formal operational 11+ - abstract thinking
Kohlberg
Morality development Pre-conventional - obedience and punishment - individualism and exchange Conventional - interpersonal relationships - maintaining social order Post-conventional - social contact and individual rights - universal principles
Erickson
Identity development Trust vs mistrust - hope (feeding)
Autonomy vs shame - will (toilet training)
Initiative vs guilt - purpose (exploration)
Industry vs inferiority - competency (school)
Ego identity vs role confusion - fidelity (socialising)
Intimacy vs isolation - love (relationships)
Generativity vs stagnation - care (work/parenting) Ego integrity vs despise - wisdom (reflection)
Bandura - social development
How people learn social behaviour Observational learning/Modelling Conditions: Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation
McCrae and Costa
Trait theory of personality Openness Contentiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Rogers
Humanistic theory — self actualisation Congruency of concept of self components: - self esteem - self image - ideal self Requires unconditional positive regard
Maslow
Humanistic theory —
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualisation
Bandura - personality
Social cognitive theory Reciprocal determinism - interactions between behaviours, cognitive factors and environmental factors Self efficacy - degree to which you are sure of yourself and your own ability
Mischell
Social cognitive Doesn’t believe in personality, our traits are cognitive strategies that help us obtain rewards. 5 factors determine behaviour:
Competencies: Our intellectual capabilities as well as skills
Cognitive strategies: The different perceptions and methods of dealing with of a specific event.
Expectancies: The anticipated results of different behaviors
Subjective values: The respective value of different possible outcomes of various behaviors
Self regulatory systems: The groups of rules and standards that people adapt to in order to regulate their environment
Asch
Conformity Had people answer questions in front of a group of confederates, after they all gave the wrong answer
Milgram
Obedience Confederates were ‘randomly’ chosen as “learner” and participant was the “teacher” Leaner went to another room had to memorise answers, if they gave the wrong answer the teacher had to give the an increasing electric shock at the encouragement of the “researcher.” 2/3 gave lethal shocks and all participants gave severe shocks.
Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment Gave people role of guard or prisoner etc. Prisoners quickly bent to the rule of ‘guards’ even though outside of experiment they are equals
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance Menial task Payed $20 compensation or $1 $1 group enjoyed task more, convinced themselves Rey were doing it bc they wanted to $20 hated it, the fact that they were being compensated proved it was a horrible task
Heider
Attribution theory People tend to see cause and effect relationships even if there is none Internal attribution External attribution
Kelley
Attribution - covariation model Consensus - do others behave the same Distinctiveness - does this person behave this way all the time Consistency - does this person behave this way is this situation all the time
McMillan and Chavis
Sense of community: a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members needs will be met through their commitment to be together.
Membership: feeling of belonging or sharing a sense of personal relatedness
Influence: A sense of mattering, of making a difference to a group and of the group mattering to its members
Integration and fulfilment of needs: feelings that members needs will be met by the resources received through their membership in the group
Shared emotional connection: The commitment and belief that members have shared and will share history, common places time together and similar experiences
Baumrind
Parenting styles
Authoritative: A parenting style characterised by a high level of both responsiveness and control
Authoritarian: A parenting style characterised by a high level of control but a low level of responsiveness
Permissive: A parenting style characterised by a high level of responsiveness but a low level of control.
Uninvolved: A parenting style characterised by a low level of both responsiveness and control.
